Reflection Paper on The History & Philososphy of Education Term

Reflection on The History & Philososphy of Education - Term Paper Example Spreading the awareness of a specific subject matter, in an explicit style is understood as education. Thus the philosophy of education can be either the process of educating others or the wide fields of education and its understanding. The inborn curiosity provoked the earliest man to seek and learn more; of what is around and how to bring betterment and produce comfort from it. This includes the major aim of producing well rounded people and to inculcate the love of learning. The process of learning and teaching is discussed and described by many philosophers. However, all of them hold their view point according to the cultures and times they lived in but some, few elaborated the education purpose and laid the foundation for upcoming generations to understand and explore the horizons of it. Philosophy of Education: Through history one can see that, how the great philosophers of all times learned from one another and left the theories for the upcoming youth to explore and gain. Socr ates, Plato and Aristotle; three pioneers of philosophy of education explained their philosophies, which helped others to understand the aim of learning. Socrates taught Plato and is known for his explicit work on ethics and methods. From there onwards Plato followed the footsteps of his teacher and laid the foundation stone of doctrine for education, and called it Academy. Elaboration: Plato advocated the idea of integrity, not only for the state but for the individuals who are learners. The learners are dependent upon teachers who are fairly in a position to deliver the right kind of knowledge in an appropriate manner. Through his theory, one can understand better the significance of the responsibility on a teacher’s shoulder for educating. He also described the various types of learner and their learning styles and how their learning can be supported, like scaffolding; to enhance the capability of each individual. The core of his ideology was to handle an individual in suc h a manner that the support (scaffolding) is there, but he acquires the skill of learning himself; that he stated can only be achieved in certain environment and through following the knowledgeable. The reasons behind law and rules cannot be understood by all; therefore he promoted the idea of children to learn specific skills under the supervision of knowledgeable personalities. They are the people, who can nourish the positive aspects of a subject, as any subject of knowledge contains; the negative factor which pessimistically impacts the personality of a child; leaving him as a destructive member of the society rather than constructive. Plato strongly believed that arts and literature did not help the learning process; on the other hand they are acting like slow poison, addicting the victims and throwing them in a state of unreality. The general idea is that young children are unable to distinguish between reality and fiction. Thus telling them false stories which are far from re ality; is a disorder one develops readily which later on encourages doubts and imbalanced thinking. He was against poetry, music because they produced uncontrollable passion which later becomes a cause of many ethical issues. Moreover, it doesn’t provide with any knowledge and has no practical meaning to it. His theories revolved around the moral values and thus sustaining and inculcating them in the offspring too. He discouraged the concept of myths and stories to young children, as they are far from real

Marketing communications tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing communications tools - Essay Example Notably, it can be ascertained that in the past few years’ digital technology and the expansion of targeting capabilities has shifted from the traditional marketing tools to digital marketing tools. Due to the continuous revolution in the field of marketing communication tools particularly the internet, it has be found that both small organizations as well as big organizations are widely inclined towards using modern digital marketing tools over the conventional tools. Traditional marketing tools involving print media (such as magazines, newspapers and newsletters) electronic media (such as broadcasting through television and radios) and direct marketing among others can be ascertained to be barely used by the contemporary business organizations. Nonetheless, both the traditional and digital marketing tools have some advantages and disadvantages. Hence, it would be wise to use the combine form of traditional and digital marketing tools in order to achieve the best outcome. ... Significance of Traditional Forms of Marketing Communications in the Contemporary Organizations It can be affirmed that digital marketing tools particularly internet has attracted the contemporary marketers to a great extent. However, heavy reliability on modern marketing tools does not mean that traditional marketing is disappearing. In this regard, it has been ascertained from a survey report that approximately USD $ 295billion was spent on television advertisement in the US during 2007. A huge investment on traditional marketing tool in this cotemporary world signifies vast majority of traditional media. At the same time, newspaper and magazines can also be ascertained to be effective marketing communication tools despite of its reducing importance amid the contemporary marketers. It is important to note that despite of inclination towards the new media few renowned companies like Procter and Gamble spent USD $3.5 billion on advertising purpose in 2006 with the use of TV, print an d other old media (Winer, 2008). Every business has different marketing requirements. It is not possible to state which marketing tool is best for the particular business. In the contemporary business environment an organization should not rely on one type of marketing, rather integrating both the traditional and digital marketing tools would be more feasible for the organization to attain the desire marketing communication goals. It can be firmly stated that integrating the two approaches will support the organization to achieve its broad marketing communication objectives. It can be stated that integration of traditional and digital marketing tools facilitate the organizations to develop the most appropriate

CCOT Analysis Essay Example for Free

CCOT Analysis Essay The Indian Ocean was a significant division of water that was bounded primarily by the Indian Subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula, and eastern Africa. Many changes occurred over time in the area, especially from 500 BCE and 1400 CE. The interaction of Buddhism and Confucianism altered, increased wealth came to new towns and ports, and population increased due to advancements in technology. Though there were many changes, many things stayed constant in the region. The Indian Ocean region continued to keep many economic/religious factors the same, such that Islamic world continued to spread and exotic goods remained as the basis of trade. Buddhism and Confucianism were the main religious views in the Indian Ocean region. They both flourished initially keeping a stable ratio, but Buddhism began to diminish during the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty based their civil service exams on Confucianism, which as a result led to more focus on Confucianism and later to the downfall of Buddhism. Interactions between developing trade routes led to city popularity, wealth and success. Such cities include, Cairo, Quilon, and Melaka, which became major factors in Afro-Eurasian trade. Technology in the region also led to many different changes in the Indian Ocean region. The three-field crop rotation rapidly changed the rise of cities. Since they were now able to grow dissimilar crops in the same area, more food and trade products came about. As urbanization increased, simultaneously, rural areas increased system also played a big role. As cities grew, they began to prosper. Agriculture boomed and therefore more opportunities for merchants were available as trade was excellent in the area. Many significant transitions and alterations occurred in the Indian Ocean region, which encouraged, primarily, economics, religion, and city success. Coming from the changes that occurred, many things also did remain the same in the Indian Ocean region. Islam continued to spread throughout the division. Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent, which linked the Indian Subcontinent to the Islamic world. On top of Islam’s prosperous spreading, Indian trade was still and is still based on exotic goods. A good example of this could be how gold, slaves, silk, and spices were traded at around 150 CE, as well as 700-1000 CE. These constants were significant for the foundation of the regions trade, and the rise of a new religion. The Indian Ocean region had many changes and continuities that all occurred over time. Some changes were made including the rise of cities and trade, and the fall of Buddhism. The continuities include the constant spread of the Islamic world, and the same basis of trade; exotic goods. These factors all shaped the region building a stronger base of advancement demographically, culturally, and economically.

Somaliland: A Successful State

Somaliland: A Successful State Somalia is considered to be one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa, yet are plagued with conflict. All Somalis share a common language, a pastoral economy, a religious faith which is Sunni Islam. In addition to this Somalia is a clan-based society which has a deep root in the countrys politics. Before colonialism, Somalias political system was clan-based were tribal sheikdoms was considered to be the form of rulership. Furthermore, power was scattered, meaning tribal leaders had a very difficult time control large regions. Thus, centralization or perhaps a unification under one leader was difficult if not unlikely(Kibble, 2001)[1]. Somalia was colonized by the British and Italians who used a combination of direct rule with a laissez faire approach further out in the periphery (Kibble, 2001)[2]. There are six major clans in Somalia; which are patrilineal; Issaq, Dir, Darood, Hawiye, Rahanweyne. These tribes are interlinked in all social political and financial domains (Kibble 2001 )[3]. Thus,Kinship-based social structure determine entitlement to resources, divisions of labour and authority, but also contracts (xeer) between and among clans. (Kibble 2001)[4]. Furthermore, decision making is conducted by male clan leaders based on consensus. Now, colonialism created boundaries in Somalia and has effected delicate clan relations and power distribution. In terms of Somaliland, the British ultimate goal wasto secure a steady delivery of livestock to their much more important colony of Aden, which controlled approaches to the Suez Canal (Kibble 2001)[5]. Between the years 1969-1991 this regime was a result of a military coup which was later legitimized by their aim to end corruption strong and develop a Greater Somalia. This time a National Security Court was established to enforce Public order but later replaced the Independent judiciary. This lead to the eventual descent of the somali state towards an Authoritarian regime (Battera, 2004)[6]. Furthermore, corruption was rampant during Barre regimes around this time due to an increase of foreign aid and military assistance with Italy and other gulf countries (Battera, 2004)[7]. Thus, the balance between the center and periphery was overwhelming favoured towards center thanks to neopatrimonialism. Eventually, legitimacy was lost and that is when Barre turned towards any who could potentially rise against him. Barre prefered target were Somalis who were once apart of the British colony who at this time tried to achieve autonomy. In response Barre to this during the civil war in the lat e 1980s Siad Barre indiscriminately bombed the civilian population in Hargeisa and Burco (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[8]. It was during this time that Somaliland decided to become independent as as result of Somalia being an authoritarian state, rather than a democracy which was originally agreed upon during unification. This paper shall attempt to answer the question as to why Somaliland although unrecognized internationally is a successful state. First I will discuss the lack of International recognition , which has increased state nationality and increased domestic legitimacy. Second, the implementation of a Hybrid political system true to pre-colonial roots has strengthened the de-facto state. Finally, Somaliland has demonstrated successful and peaceful turnovers of power. LACK OF INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION A successful state is one where the acting government demonstrates control of the periphery, the center, financially able to provide basic institutions and strong legitimate authority. Arguably international recognition is also a factor of a successful state, yet despite this Somaliland has managed well without it. Lack of international recognition has increased state nationality in Somaliland. Somaliland as it stands is not formerly recognized as a legitimate state among the international community. However, this does not mean that Somaliland is not a state in perhaps the truest sense of the word. It appears that although Somaliland lacks international recognition it has an abundance of internal recognition. Internal recognition in Somaliland has translated to legitimacy, thus in the eyes of the Somaliland people the de-facto state is legitimate. Ironically a failed state such as Somalia has the international recognition as well as international representation, such as a seat in the UN. However, despite international approval, among Somalis the state does not have legitimacy. Insofar, the governments power simply extends to that of Mogadishu, yet even within the capital power is relative.According to Lipset legitimacy involves the capacity of a system to maintain and engender existing political institutions most efficient to ones society (Lipset, 1960)[9]. In the Failed state Index which measures; corruption, government effectiveness, political participation, level of democracy, illicit economy and protest. Somalia is considered to be the worlds most failed state with a 9.5 out of 10 score (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[10].Furthermore, based on the Freedom House world index that ranks countries based on liberties and political rights. This scale considers 7 as the lowest and 1 the highest, here Somaliland has ranked 4.5 , while Somalia is a 7 (Pegg, Kolstà ¸ 2015)[11]. Thus, it can be observed that in terms of political rights and perhaps even liberties Somalilan d has proven to be more successful.Nonetheless, it should be noted that data conducted in Somalia is relatively difficult and may not necessarily be all inclusive. Thus, legitimacy and state success is not solely based upon international recognition. According to Holsti, vertical and horizontal legitimacy are the defining characteristic that determine a states ability to be recognized domestically and internationally. Vertical legitimacy is based on performance, The state has to earn and maintain its right to rule through the provision of services, including security, law and order (Holsti, 1996)[12]. While Horizontal legitimacy defines the limits and criteria for membership in the political community. Thus, if different subgroups within a community accept and tolerate each other then there is high Horizontal legitimacy. In addition the lack of international financing forces the state to abide by vertical legitimacy. Therefore, internal legitimacy is the notion where members within a polity are confident in their government and institution to provide basic needs. In the case of Somaliland formally considered a de-facto state is legitimate in all ways but internationally. Through the creation of its own military, navy, provision o f basic health care and representation of clans. Traditional Ghuurti are used in Somaliland to settle disputes among clans and/or subclans as well as to achieve cohesion. However, this does not imply that disputes were all non violent there have been instances where conflict ensued due to resources (harbors, airports). The lack of international recognition in Somaliland has proven to build the state at a bottom up level. By comparing Somaliland to Somalia we are able to identify that no international intervention has proven to be pivotal to Somalilands success. There were two large foreign troop interventions in Somalia, in addition to regional and international conferences. Yet none of these conference has lead to stability or at the very least control of more than a small fraction of Somalia (Pegg, Kolstà ¸,2015)[13]. According to Pegg and Kolsà ¸ the responsibility of Somalia was taken from the Somali people, which resulted in failed interventions (2015)[14]. Furthermore, overall intervention of the international community to the Somali people has done more harm than good. According to Hammond(2013)[15], Trust between Somalis and international actors has never been particularly strong, but in recent years has weakened to the point where international political engagement has come to be seen b y many Somalis as a liability. In addition, Menkhaus (2012)[16] states Somalis want an end to warlordism and jihadism, but they also want an end to foreign domination.. Yet peacebuilding in Somaliland is for the most part been in the hands of the people because they do not have the ability to request international aid. Thus, If the Somalilanders did not achieve peace among themselves, nobody would do it for them (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[17].This notion of self-reliance has fueled nationality within the de-facto state ultimately solidifying internal legitimacy. Somaliland has been forced to rely upon themselves and this has only strengthened there persistence of independence and stability. In Somaliland, the lack of external intervention is often seen as a strength. Former foreign minister Abdillahi Duale (personal interview) believes that any major international engagement would have undermined self-reliance and the slow growth of local institutions for maintaining peace (Pegg, Kol stà ¸,2015)[18]. Similarly, former minister of finance Muhamad Hashi Elmi We had no five-star hotels, but had our meeting in the shade of a tree. The lack of attention from the international community has been a blessing. We did not realize that at the time, but now we realize it. (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[19]. At this point in time Somaliland has two strong arguments for independence the first being its substantial support and legitimacy within the state. Secondly, its previous status of once being a former British colony prior to the unification of Somalia. According to the notion of utis possidetis former territorial lines are keep with its possessor. HYBRID POLITICS: A COMBINATION OF COLONIAL AND PRECOLONIAL POLITICS A unique aspect of Somaliland is its Hybrid political system, a joining of pre-colonial and postcolonial politics. The addition of pre-colonial politics has made Somaliland an interesting case in East Africa. The implementation of a pastoral democracy relies upon the use of traditional clan elders to mediate and negotiate politics. Fused with modern democracy where power is divide by different branches of government. For example a permanent Guurti was made for the upper house of the parliament where clans would appoint elders to represent each clan (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[20]. In the beginning the lower house of parliament and the government were clan based, to change this a quota of clan representative was made to determine the MPS and ministers. Yet, it was understood that this system made smaller clans overrepresented. This overrepresentation was enacted so that smaller clans did not fear the dominance of the Issaq clan in government. Nonetheless, a restraint was enacted by a nat ional referendum in 2001 where a competitive party system was chosen for the lower house rather than clan-based (Pegg, Kolstà ¸, 2015)[21]. In essence Somaliland fell back on the time-honored consensus-based reconciliation mechanisms of the beele, in which the clan elders deliberate extensively among themselves until mutually acceptable solutions are found ( Pegg, Kolstà ¸.2015)[22].According to Pegg and Kolstà ¸ The party system in Somaliland is somewhat idiosyncratic, as only three parties which demonstrate support in each of Somalilands six regions are allowed to register for national elections in accordance with Article 9 of Somalilands Constitution (2015)[23]. The limitation was enacted to prevent fragmentation among clans (Pegg, Kolstà ¸.2015)[24]. Rather than to dissuade clan and kinship practices which will fuel animosity among the polis. This new approach to accommodate political and social norms pre-existing in that region has proven to further legitimize the Somal iland de-facto state. Democracy is often championed, hailed as a solution to social and political issues because it removes clanism and other antiquated political institutions. Although, clannism did not function as an effective political institution in pre-colonial times it can succeed with the inclusion of democracy. Societies such as Somaliland and Somalia clans of kinship are a pivotal aspect of social life, and will not be changed any time in the near future.Thus, rather than attempt to abolish it or degrade it ( such as the case of the Barre regime) accommodating it will prove to be much more effective. These relations of kinship are closely tied to ones identity and self perception, the removal of it will be seen as an attack on ones persons. However, that being said it is also important to take into consideration of the opposite spectrum. According to Hoehne many members of the House have become urbanized and somewhat disconnected from their largely rural constituencies, eroding the traditional pr inciple of collective and consultative decision making. In addition Hoehne states (2013)[25]The outcome of these developments is a crippled hybrid in which neither state nor traditional institutions function really well. and , their claim to legitimate traditional authority became hollow(2013)[26]. Although theoretically, choosing a representative will inevitably result in the distancing of said leader from those of which he represent.This does not take away the merit of recognizing clannism in Somaliland that to individuals is important both socially and politically. Furthermore, The clan element in the hybrid system of government has secured strong support for the regime, particularly in rural, conservative areas, but from the perspective of liberal democracy it is defective. Not only is the principle of one person-one vote violated, but under this system women and minorities from outside the traditional clans have no political influence whatsoever (Renders, 2012)[27] Nonetheless, despite this it was the implementation of clanism that brought Somaliland together. Thus without the state accommodating clans the de-facto state would prove to be useless and would not have lasted as long as it has. Although, international assistance was limited it was the very lack of intervention that allowed the Hybrid system in Somaliland to exist. It is doubtful a western international organizations would approve such antiquated politics, and would have pressured them to change. SUCCESSFUL TURNOVERS OF POWER Somaliland has demonstrate the ability to have successful and peaceful turnovers of power a number of times. The newly reformed de-facto state had the tasks of building a tax base as a result of no international support. Conflict management was paramount during this time of the states delicate position. Initially, the de-facto state was not as representative as it had led others to believes. It lacked the financial ability to maintain authority. However, despite this Somaliland made attempts to secure the the Berbera port. Although the port was under the control of a unrepresented clan within the government which expressed displeasure with the de-facto state. Yet, Edbank notes, In part due to internal divisions, and in part due to a lack of resources, the SNM was never able to project authority beyond the territories of the Isaaq clans that made up its core membership. It quickly became apparent that the SNM had only been held together by a common distaste for the military regime in Mogadishu. With the war over, financing from the diaspora which had helped support the SNM during the civil war dried up, and the group succumbed to internal divisions (Eubank, 2011)[28]. At this time many within government and the polis in general were of the belief that the Presidents clan Habar Yonis were manipulating power in their favor. This challenge towards the de-facto state was similar to the issue that ultimately lead to the collapse of Somalia. Favoritism due to clan ties was predominate at this time and often used as a way to consolidate power (Eubank, 2011[29]). The SNM was an established group created after the Somali civil war in hopes of solidity stability in Somaliland. The clan then ended its relations with the SNM administration in favour of opposing the governments manipulation of power. This was the case of the Berbera port controlled by the Isaaq clan known as the Habar Jelo, considered to be a rival of the presidents clan. In 1992 the government killed over 300 people in the town of Burco due to attempts to control weapons in the town(Eubank, 2011).[30] Consequently an armed conflict erupted between the two groups. Eubank emphasis this point Th e port of Berbera was at that time controlled by an Isaaq clan which was not well represented within SNM government, the Ilse Muse ( Eubank, 2011)[31]. After numerous national peace conferences the government was able to collect taxes from the port and managed to receive direct financing from the private sector to create a new currency(Eubank, 2011)[32]. Yet, the government had to ensure a set of national institutions that included a larger support, internal checks, balances, and a bicameral legislative branch. Thus, the new government was able to gain the support of both the private sector as well as the local clans (Eubank, 2011)[33].The conferences resulted in a more inclusive representation in government along with a reestablished National Charter. The Parliament now included 150 clan elder, as well as a new vice president and president(Eubank, 2011)[34]. Furthermore, the new president whose paternal lineage came from the Ilse Muse clan which had controlled the port of Berbera and whose maternal lineage came from the Habar Yonis clan which had previously been represented by the presidency. This encouraged public optimism that [the new president] could unite the Isaaq (Eubank, 2011)[35]. Furthermore, the private sector strongly supported a violent-free Berbera airport. The Berbera port provided the government with a source of income which by September 1995 was estimated to be between US$10-15 million per year (Bradbury, 2008)[36]. The second test Somaliland faced was the newly established National charter that was not embraced by the former presidents clan Habar Yonis. This disagreement was a result of the clan disatifaction regarding the new central authority and representation ratios (Eubank, 2011)[37]. Yet compromises were made due to pressure from the civil society and financial strain (Eubank, 2011)[38]. Furthermore, In 1995, a group of Somalilanders living abroad organised the Peace Committee for Somaliland and began pushing for a peaceful resolut ion (Eubank, 2011)[39]. This resulted in a new constitution being enacted for a more inclusive allocation of seats by increasing the seats for Habr Yonis ending the conflict (Eubank, 2011)[40]. At a national level, much of this revenue comes from customs collected at major trading centres like the Berbera port and Hargeysa airport. But local governments also depend upon local financing throughout the country. Under Somalilands system of decentralisation another measure established at the Boorame Conference in 1993 to ensure local governments were accountability to local populations, and not financially accountable to a potentially predatory national government Somalilands district councils continue to raise their own revenues to supplement disbursements from the central government by taxing local resources, with land, animal slaughter and business tax providing the main revenue streams'(Bradbury, 2008)[41]. The Boorame Conference ensured that government accountability at the national and local level be meet to satisfy civil society. Based on these two cases in the history of Somaliland there is evidence of its ability to relatively sustains its political stability. In order to secure power it comes as little to no surprise that the de-facto state was forced to use violent means. However, the during and after of the violence proved to be detrimental to the state itself. The loss of resources and finances due to these conflicts ultimately hastened the de facto-state to compromise. It could be said that perhaps if Somaliland did receive Foreign aid it would be much less inclined to listen to grievances or compromise its position. Thus, the disregard from the international community in Somaliland has in this instance been beneficial. Somaliland is unable to receive aid or any financial backing from other states of organizations. In addition the de facto state must rely upon tax revenue as a source of income. Forcing it to rely upon its own people and bureaucracy for financial and political stability. Evidently, prolonged conflict will only serve to impedide the states ability to secure power and the displeasure from civil society. Ultimately, this forces Somaliland to not be a predatory state and turn upon the very people they rule, because they must rely upon them to consolidate power and wealth. This creates a binary relationship that are interdependent on each other to succeed. Furthermore, the Somali political culture which by nature encourages discussion and debate among leaders fuelled peaceful talk. Conferences were financed and supported by diaspora and civil society within Somaliland. This demonstrated that the decisions of state is in the hands of Somalilanders. Simultaneously strengthening public nationality as well as consolidating legitimacy. In Conclusion, Somaliland has demonstrated its ability to be a successful state. Not only does its civil society believe it to be legitimate it also represents previously ignored clans. Somaliland claim to be a recognized as a state drives from the notion of utis possidetis. Ultimately, the lack of international recognition increased internal legitimacy and power. This allowed a bottom up approach towards the rebuilding of the former British protectorate. Furthermore, this increased the notion of horizontal and vertical legitimacy within Somaliland. Since the responsibility of the polis rest solely upon the state resulting in a binary relationship of interdependence. Thus making the possibility of a predatory state unlikely. In addition, the Hybrid pastoral democracy system that Somaliland has chosen to use to accommodate clanism has demonstrated a new form of democracy. This archiac notion of democracy would not have been accepted if international organizations were involved. Rather , the acknowledgment of Somalilands clan based society perpetuated stability. Unlike the Somalia Barre regime who claimed to rebuke clanism, yet maintained ties of kinship to consolidate power. Ignoring the very a nature of the society will prove to only hinder stability. Finally, Somaliland has been able to overcome issues of representation such as the case of IIse Muse representation and the Berbera port conflict. The de-facto state faced claims where the president was believed to favor his own clan Habar Yonis by consolidating power and parliamentary seats to them. However, they overcame this issue due to pressure of civil society and financial losses. Forcing the two groups to concede, thereby allowing a new parliamentary system to be enacted to ensure fair representation. Making the next president have clan ties to both groups from their paternal and maternal line. Then the second conflict was due to Habar Yonis displeasure with the new National Charter. This issues was resolve d by allocating more seats to this clan thus ending the conflict. Somaliland is where the colonial and postcolonial history has lead to their strong patriotism and drive to succeed as a state regardless of international acceptance. This paper only analyzes the theoretical notion of success and legitimate sentiments across Somaliland.However, it does not discuss the economic stability within Somaliland in depth due to a lack of research conducted in this area. Further studies could include if Somaliland has the economic ability to compete in a global market sustainably as a sovereign state. Works cited Battera, F. (2004). State- democracy-building in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Somaliland A comparative perspective. Global Jurist Frontiers, 4(1), 1-23. Eubank, N. (2012). Taxation, Political Accountability and Foreign Aid: Lessons from Somaliland. Journal of Development Studies,48(4), 465-480 Hammond, L., 2013. Somalia rising: things are starting to change for the worlds longest failed state. J. Eastern Afr. Stud. 7 (1), 183-193. Hoehne, M.V., 2013. Limits of hybrid political order: the case of Somaliland. J. Eastern Afr. Stud. 7 (2), 199-217 Holsti, K.J., 1996. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Kibble, S. (2001). Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? International Relations, 15(5), 5-25. Lewis, I. (n.d.). Understanding Somalia and Somaliland : Culture, history, society. New York: Columbia University. Menkhaus, K., 2012. The Somali Spring. ForeignPolicy.com blog, September 24 Pegg, Kolstà ¸. (2015). Somaliland: Dynamics of internal legitimacy and (lack of) external sovereignty. Geoforum, 66, 193-202. Renders, M., 2012. Consider Somaliland: State-building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions. Brill, Leiden Richards, R. (2015). Bringing the outside in: Somaliland, statebuilding and dual hybridity. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 9(1), 4-25. Tripodi, P. (n.d.). The colonial legacy in Somalia Rome and Mogadishu : From colonial administration to Operation Restore Hope. Basingstoke: Macmillan. [1] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 12 [2] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 13 [3] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 13 [4] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 15 [5] Steve Kibble,Somaliland: Surviving Without Recognition; Somalia: Recognised but Failing? ( International Relations 2001), 17 [6] Battera, F. State- democracy-building in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Somaliland A comparative perspective. (Global Jurist Frontiers 2004),3. [7] Battera, F. State- democracy-building in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Somaliland A comparative perspective. (Global Jurist Frontiers 2004),3. [8] Pegg, Kolstà ¸. Somaliland: Dynamics of internal legitimacy and

Othello Passage :: essays research papers

Act V, Scene ii., lines 122-134 Emilia. O, who hath done this deed? Desdemona. Nobody--I myself. Farewell. Commend me to my kind lord. O, farewell! [She dies.] Othello. Why, how should she be murd'red? Emilia. Alas, who knows? Othello. You heard her say herself, it was not I. Emilia. She said so. I must needs report the truth. Othello. She's like a liar gone to burning hell! 'Twas I that killed her. Emilia. O, the more angel she, And you the blacker devil! Othello. She turned to folly, and she was a whore. Emila. Thou dost belie her, and thou art a devil. Othello. She was as false as water. Emilia. Thou art rash as fire to say That she was false. O, she was heavenly true! Othello's grief and his deep love for Desdemona led to a series of actions and dialogue located at the climax of the story. The chosen passage came near the end of this work--just after Othello smothered Desdemona with her pillow. Shakespeare, simply and probably tritely put, was a genius. His artful mastery of meter, diction, imagery, and tone is matchless and captivates interest and thought like no other. Meter in a literary work, just like all other components, can be a key factor in affecting the reader's thoughts and mood. Of course, this being Shakespeare, meter was utilized with a definite purpose. Because this portion of the play is dramatic and suspenseful, an erratic, loose structure is appropriate. The author "changed things up" and "kept the reader guessing" with regard to the structure and meter--thus causing even more suspense than what the plot had already provided. In this group of dialogue, Othello loses his usual poetic eloquence. His mental and emotional composure were compromised, thus impairing his diction. This temporary breach in character displayed his internal conflict and how it was affecting him as a person--for Othello's dignified speech, just as the way anyone speaks, was a part of him as a person. Displayed in many other works, contrasting imagery, or perhaps simply contrast in general, is present in my excerpt from Othello. For example, Emilia calls Desdemona an angel, while designating Othello a devil. Also, Othello says Desdemona was "as false as water" while, in the subsequent line Emilia accuses Othello as being "as rash as fire." By including these contrasts, Shakespeare heightened the intensity of the moment as well as expressed the mood and thoughts of the characters. There are many words that can describe the tone at this point in the play: chaotic, confused, angry, impulsive. Emilia's thought process is not so much shared by the reader as empathized by the reader--though we know what's going on, we can identify with her anger and confusion.

Stages in a Marketing Plan Essay -- Business Marketing Papers

Stages in a Marketing Plan This essay will present the stages of a marketing plan and critically evaluate the differences suggested by the leading authors. However it is vital to understand what marketing planning is. Although marketing planning would appear to be a simple and step-by-step process, in reality it is not. As marketing plans are very complex, cross functional and it touches every aspect of organizational life. However the stages of marketing planning will explain and explore some of these issues by focusing on the process of marketing planning. Marketing planning can be defined as a sensible way to manage the sales and marketing function is to find the systematic way of identifying a range of options, to choose one of them, then to schedule and cost out what has to be done to achieve the objectives. Marketing planning is the planned application of marketing resources to achieve marketing objectives; it is simply a logical sequence of a series of activities leading to the setting of marketing objectives and the formulation of plans for achieving them. Companies go through some kind of management process in developing marketing plans. Marketing planning is essential when considering the increasingly hostile and complex environment in which companies operate. Many external and internal factors interact in a complex way, which affect the ability to achieve profitable sales. The four typical examples, which companies set, are maximising revenue, maximising profit, maximising return on investment and minimising costs. Revenue is the monetary value received by a company for its goods or services. It is the net pric... ...d along by momentum. Also if the company's culture and management style are not supportive of marketing planning, then no improvements will occur. And also if the business is highly competitive, no improvements will be seen, however the company might fare much worse without a marketing plan. Common implementation problems of a marketing planning could be lack of a plan for planning, weak support from management, lack of resources, lack of information and also it could occur due to too much detail and being too far ahead. In today's increasingly competitive markets, there is a growing realization that success in the future will only come from meticulous planning and market preparation. Therefore having a marketing plan is useful as it is better to weigh up the costs of planning against the costs of not planning.

Building Rock Types in Nottingham City Centre

The purpose of this investigation is to identify and visually examine the various rock types used in Nottingham city centre buildings.Table 1. General information Question AnswerBriefly explain why the rock types used in the buildings are given specific, local names (e.g. â€Å"Ancaster Stone†, â€Å"Bulwell Stone† and â€Å"Portland Stone† are three different types of limestone used in Nottingham buildings). Rock types used in buildings are given the local name of their origin. Rocks of the same type will have variations depending on their geographical background. Therefore by naming rocks after their origin, it is easy to confirm that they come from the same place and so have less variations.Dolomitic limestone was the most common building stone in Nottingham from Victorian times onwards. Briefly explain what â€Å"dolomitic limestone† is (as distinct from â€Å"limestone†).Dolomitic limestone is limestone that has up to 50% dolomite content. The Kentucky geological survey describes the stone often exhibiting a sugary texture and commonly weathering to a brown colour.Table 2. Nottingham building information & observations Building Feature Notes(1) Arkwright Building Describe the rock material (including the form of the blocks) for the limestone used in the buildingThe limestone used in the Arkwright Building is Ancaster stone. It is a sedimentary rock with a typical layered look. It is a pale yellow and has a medium grain size. The blocks of limestone are roughly 750mm x 250mm.(2) St Andrews Church Describe the rock material (including the form of the blocks) for the limestone used in the buildingThere are mainly two types of limestone used in the church. The first is called Bulwell stone. It is a coarse dolomitic limestone with a honey-brown or red tint. The blocks of stone are approximately 200mm x 150mm. The other type of limestone is Barnstone. It is a grey, fine grained rock with a rough texture.(4) Newton Building Desc ribe the contrasts in appearance of the limestone and sandstone used in the Newton buildingThe limestone (Portland stone) in the newton building is white in colour unlike the sandstone’s golden colour. The limestone has a smooth texture whereas the sandstone has a rough, grainy texture. Grain size is generally bigger in sandstone. Limestone blocks also contain shell debris unlike the sandstone.(5) Guildhall Describe the contrasts in the appearance of the sandstone used on the entrance steps to the sandstone used for the main buildingThe sandstone (Coal Measures Sandstone) used on the entrance steps is a bluish grey compared to the red-tinted sandstone (Millstone Grit) used on the main building. The Millstone Grit has medium grained rock whereas the Coal Measures Sandstone has a fine grain size and a smoother texture. (37) Express ChambersWhat is the name of the architect who designed this building (and when was the building constructed?) The Watson Fothergill website states t he architect who designed the Express Chambers was Watson Fothergill. The construction of the building began in 1875 and was completed in 1876. (30) Nottingham and Notts BankDescribe the rock material (including the form of the blocks) for the larvikite used in the buildingThe Pelham Street frontage is made from Larvikite. It is bluish grey in colour. It has coarse inter-locking grains and a pearly lustre. The sheet used are roughly 1500mm x 1000mm. (29) Nottingham Journal BuildingNot including the flooring, name the different types of rock used to clad the exterior of the ground floor of the buildingThe ground floor faà §ade is clad with three different types of (Igneous) rock. The bottom layer course is a dark grey Gabbro. Next is a thin course of Rapakivi Granite. The main panels are a greenish grey Magmatite. (78) The former Gala Casino buildingA partially resorbed xenolith can be seen in the right front, grey granite panel. What is a â€Å"xenolith†?The National Geograp hic states that a xenolith is a piece of rock embedded in a different type of rock. Xenoliths are usually trapped in cooling magma and so most commonly found in igneous rocks. (68) Enfield ChambersDescribe the rock material (including the form of the blocks) for the limestone used in the exterior of the ground floor of the buildingThe Cross-bedded limestone is a dark yellow colour. The rock consists of fine sized grains and small crystals. The blocks of limestone are approximately 1000mm x 450mm and have a smooth texture. (67) PrezzoThe front columns are a porphyritic type of igneous rock. What does â€Å"porphyritic† mean, and can this feature be seen in the columns?The Geology class website explains that porphyritic means an Igneous rock made up of both large and fine crystals. This texture can be seen in the columns. Larger silver crystals are embedded in the finer black crystals.