Abortion is Unethical Essay -- The Right to Life, Pro-Life Essays

Over 46 million abortions argon performed worldwide separately year. Today, 11,000 frozen human embryos are stored in Australia alone. Human embryos are world killed in experiments and tossed fall out into the trash like moldy food in your refrigerator. euthanasia has become legal and practiced in many countries, as well as the death penalty where there have even been cases of innocent stack purge to death. Taking birth control pills is becoming as common as popping in some Tylenol for a headache and handing out condoms in school is like handing out candy. One out of every ten U.S. teenaged girls becomes pregnant every year and fourteen thousand of those girls are under the age of fourteen (National Research Council, Risking the Future Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy and Childbearing, p. 507). Divorce, aggression, ab substance abuse and unhappiness are on the rise. We are turning our society into a culture of death, where human life is being disregarded and di srespected. The superior natural right that each human being possesses, the right to life, is so often being violated. How do we keep ourselves from falling totally down the slope of death and destruction? How far will we go before we speak out to put an end to it? Will we go as far as human cloning as a normal practice, because the path we are heading on now is definitely leaning in that direction? This is an intricate and complicated problem that we find ourselves in, but I think, as for every problem, we need to strain its roots in order to fix it. I believe that one of the roots of this culture of death is the common use and acceptance of slushy contraception. I would not only like to argue its immorality from a religious standpoint but also from a purely ethical view a... ...gainst the use of artificial contraceptives I feel are convincing enough to condemn artificial contraception as morally and intrinsically wrong. The Catholic Church teaches that because it is un availing in some cases, unnatural, and takes God out of the act of love, it is a sin. From an ethical standpoint, because it goes against nature and disrupts the two purposes of sex, intimacy and procreation, artificial contraception is morally wrong. To view artificial contraception this way would be a huge step in respecting human life and above all, the right to life of all human beings no matter what stage in development that human being might be in. Let us put an end to murdering our future generation and convey taking responsibility for our actions.Works CitedNational Research Council, Risking the Future Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy and Childbearing, p. 507

James Langston Hughes Essay -- essays research papers

(February 1, 1902 - May 22, 1967)Born in Joplin, Missouri, James Langston Hughes was born into an abolitionist family. He was the grandson of grandson of Charles Henry Langston, the brother of rump Mercer Langston, who was the the first color American to be elected to public office in 1855. Hughes attended Central High School in Cleveland, Ohio, but began make-up poetry in the eighth grade, and was selected as Class Poet. His father didnt think he would be able to make a living as at writing, and encouraged him to pursue a more than practical career. His father paid his tuition to Columbia University on the grounds he study engineering. After a in short time, Langston dropped out of the program with a B+ average, all the while he continued writing poetry. His first published poem was also oneness of his most famous, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", and it appeared in Brownies Book. Later, his poems, short plays, essays, and short stories appeared in the NAACP publication Crisis Magazine and in Opportunity Magazine and other publications.One of Hughes finest essays appeared in the landed estate in 1926, entitled "The Negro artist and the Racial Mountain". It spoke of Black bring outrs and poets, "who would surrender racial pride in the name of a trumped-up(prenominal) integration", where a talented Black writer would prefer to be considered a poet, not a Black poet, which to Hughes meant he subconsciously wanted to write like a white poet. Hughes argued, "no great poet has eve... James Langston Hughes Essay -- essays research papers (February 1, 1902 - May 22, 1967)Born in Joplin, Missouri, James Langston Hughes was born into an abolitionist family. He was the grandson of grandson of Charles Henry Langston, the brother of John Mercer Langston, who was the the first Black American to be elected to public office in 1855. Hughes attended Central High School in Cleveland, Ohio, but began writing poetry in the eighth grade, and was selected as Class Poet. His father didnt think he would be able to make a living as at writing, and encouraged him to pursue a more practical career. His father paid his tuition to Columbia University on the grounds he study engineering. After a short time, Langston dropped out of the program with a B+ average, all the while he continued writing poetry. His first published poem was also one of his most famous, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", and it appeared in Brownies Book. Later, his poems, short plays, essays, and short stories appeared in the NAACP publication Crisis Magazine and in Opportunity Magazine and other publications.One of Hughes finest essays appeared in the Nation in 1926, entitled "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain". It spoke of Black writers and poets, "who would surrender racial pride in the name of a false integration", where a talented Black writer would prefer to be considered a poet, not a Black poet, which to Hughes meant he subconsciously wanted to write like a white poet. Hughes argued, "no great poet has eve...

How My Cousin Manuel Brought Home A Wife :: essays papers

How My Cousin Manuel Brought Home A Wife Manuel Arguilla and Charlson Ongs stories may make believe an almost similar title, with each of the main characters take home a wife who is different from the local people. However, the newer version addresses a much more serious issue. In Charlson Ongs How My Cousin Manuel Brought Home A Wife, the writer used contrast of characters(particularly Consuelo and mei Lu) and contemporary language to show that even in the modern age, racial discrimination still exists and destroys angiotensin-converting enzymes happiness. Hearing about his sons return with a Brazilian wife, Mei Lu is devastated. Her agony clearly worsens to the extreme upon seeing her daughter-in-law Consuelo, a huge and black woman whom she describes as bigger than the great wall and blacker than the pit of her kettle. She might learn to live with the fact of a abroad daughter-in-law, Spanish-speaking and all. But Consuelo? The woman simply failed to stri ke me as being in the universe of possibilities Aunt Mei Lu could imagine. It is made clear by the writer in these lines that a foreign daughter-in-law of a skin color other than black would be bearable for Mei Lu. Mother says Carlos should not have brought Consuelo to the house. But did they not send Carlos to the airport to bring the couple back home? Apparently, they were expecting a white Brazilian. At 70 and being from an age where the script beauty conjured a fairness often described as being edible and where petite, teen-age, virgin brides were tucked neatly into fragile sedan chairs fit for babes, Mei Lu can not accept the fact of having Consuelo, who has just the opposite qualities, as the wife of her only son. She regards Consuelo as subhuman. This she reveals by her wailing You call that a daughter-in-law? Furthermore, she associates Consuelos black skin color with evil. Eventhough she has not spoken a word to Consuelo, except for the words O kui she called to her f ace, Mei Lu automatically assumes that she move to kill Manuel, who was actually saved through Consuelos psychic abilities, and is only after Manuels money, which is not as much as Mei Lu thinks at all.

Eleanor of Aquitaine :: essays research papers fc

Eleanor of AquitaineThere have been many historic women have had a great impact on modern twenty-four hour period society. We have come to recognize them as key parts of our past, and without them the world would not be as it is. One of these women whom we recognize is Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eleanor of Aquitaine is known as angiotensin converting enzyme of the most successful women in history because of her valiant efforts to reform medieval England.Eleanor of Aquitaine was born in 1122 . She grew up in Poiters, France, where she was always surrounded by poets, artists, and another(prenominal) educated peoples . Numerous suitors attempted to woo her . Her childhood was rich and full of exquisite fortunes .However, all lives must eventually come to an end. In 1204 she died at the get along with of eighty-two, which was an extraordinary age at the time . Her corpse may still be in Fontervrault Abbey, her cherished rest and recuperation abode .Eleanors start-off taste of great power was as the nance of France. At the youthful age of fifteen she was whisked away to become the Queen of Louis VII . After several(prenominal) years the marriage crumbled . The two talked about divorce . Eleanor asked the Church for an annulment on grounds that they were fourth cousins, and Louis did not attempt to argue . Louis and Eleanor were granted the annulment in 1152 .Henry Plantagenet, heir to the throne of England, had already stolen Eleanors heart, despite the fact that she was twelve years older than he was . A mere sextet weeks after(prenominal) the annulment, she and Henry got married at Bordeaux . In 1154 they were crown King and Queen of England in Westminster Abbey . After she was crowned, she was addressed as Eleanor, by the grace of God, Queen of England. The occupancy of the throne is what gave her the power to complete her goals, though she most likely would have somehow risen to impose her ideas anyhow.Most of Eleanors life was accustomed to child- bearing . Her first son by Henry was William . William was born in Normandy, but died at a young age in 1183 . She had eight children after William . In order from eldest to youngest they were Matilda, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Eleanor, and Joanna . Richard was Queen Eleanors favorite child . King Henrys favorite child was John .

Ted Bundy and Psychodynamic Theory Essay -- Psychology

Theodore Bundy was born on November 24th 1946. He was born to an unwed mother who was told that she was his sister. He was raised by his grandparents who portrayed themselves as his parents end-to-end his early childhood years. According to the article I read Teds grandfather was abusive towards Ted and his other siblings (Montaldo). Ted was shy and said to be sociably awkward, exclusively during high school he developed into good looking guy and was liked by many. Ted met his first girlfriend in college and eventually falls in love. His girlfriend did not see Ted as someone who would be successful and eventually broke up with him and this broke his heart. This was about the time he knowledgeable the truth about his family too. He developed deep depression and this marked the time his killing ventures started. Teds breakup with his girlfriend was a huge extend to him. It seemed that his problems really came to surface after this point. He became quite dysfunctional at the time. The breakup could be marked under Axis III (Comer, 2011). This is a commonplace medical condition that Ted suffers from as an adult.Ted Bundys style of killing describes sexual sadism. Sexual sadism is the intense sexually arousal by the thought or coiffure of inflicting suffering on others by dominating, restraining, blindfolding, cutting, strangling, mutilating, or even killing the victim (Comer, 2011). This condition would fall under Axis I because it causes significant impairment.Ted Bundy had antisocial nature disorder which is on axis II of the DSM-IV-TR. He is characterized by the following failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest, deceitfulness, ... ...articipate in therapy. They do not see that they need to change anything. While doing my research on Ted I do remember he was ready for change. I think that therapy sessions to uncover inner turmoil along wit h medication may wealthy person helped Ted. It would have been interesting to see if these treatments would have worked.Works CitedComer, R. J. (2011). Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 6th edition. New York Worth Publishers.Midwest Behavioral Health Network. (2009, September). Guidelines to use of Axis V Global Assessment execution Scale. South Bend, IN, United States of America.Montaldo, C. (n.d.). About.com. Retrieved August 12, 2011, from http//crime.about.com/od/serial/p/tedbundy.htmVarcarolis, E. M., Carson, V. B., & Shoemaker, N. C. (2006). In Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (p. 283). St. Louis Elsevier Inc.

Slaying the Dragon Essay -- essays research papers

Slaying the Dragon How Asian Women were Portrayed in MoviesSlaying the Dragon by Deborah Gee is a comprehensive look at media stereotypes of Asian and Asian American women since the silent era. From the racist use of white actors to portray Asians in early Hollywood films, through the success of Anna May Wongs sinister dragon lady, to Suzie Wong and the 50s geisha girls, to the Asian-American anchorwoman of today. The movie also shows how stereotypes of exoticism and docility have affected the perception of Asian-American women.In many movies Asian women are sexually sort as exotic, subservient, compliant, industrious, and eager to please. If not that, Japanese women are shown to be inherently scheming, untrustworthy, and back-stabbing. Whichever representation is used ...

Slaying the Dragon Essay -- essays research papers

Slaying the Dragon How Asian Women were Portrayed in MoviesSlaying the Dragon by Deborah gram is a comprehensive look at media stereotypes of Asian and Asian American women since the silent era. From the racist use of white actors to portray Asians in early Hollywood films, through the success of Anna May Wongs sinister dragon lady, to Suzie Wong and the 50s geisha girls, to the Asian-American anchorwoman of today. The movie also shows how stereotypes of exoticism and docility have affected the perception of Asian-American women.In legion(predicate) movies Asian women are sexually stereotyped as exotic, subservient, compliant, industrious, and eager to please. If not that, Japanese women are shown to be inherently scheming, untrustworthy, and back-stabbing. Whichever representation is used ...

Littlefield Lab Essay

Since the beginning the team decided to try an aggressive strategy to win the game, assuming a riskier position with higher(prenominal) potential benefits and costs. For that, it was necessary to identify happen upon parameters of the process and design a dashboard to analyze the information and make decisions in a faster way. The key parameters we started monitoring were demand (jobs accepted), stations utilization and lead times of the entire process. The first goal was to balance the line and satisfying the demand.Demand analysis and its congener to order kitsIn order to predict the future flows of the demand and match the info with the kit orders we create a model in attempting to avoid impart breaks or overstocks and anticipate the barter for of machines. The model considered the median demand of last 2 weeks projected with the growth rate of those weeks.Utilization of stations and its relation to purchase machines In order to to satisfy the demand, generate equilibrium in t he capacity of the 3 stations, and avoid bottlenecks to get the maximum profit with the contract 3, the purchasing of fresh machines were made when utilization of any station was steadely over 80% and was justified by the cost-benefit analysis.Cost-benefit analysis to purchase machinesConsidering a demand of 30, 60 & 90, the pay affirm time will be 29, 15 & 10 days on ideal conditions. Changing the contractsWhen the balance was achieved on the process, then we started to intervene contracts since contract 3 provides the best profitability when the Lab is able to accomplish a promised lead time of 0.5 days being careful of change to contract 2 or 1 if the promised lead time would not be accomplished due to the circumstantial conditions of the process. To optimize the profitability of the jobs received on the first day of all week, we began to modify the contracts according to the following criteria snub 1 If machine 1 had more than 3 jobs waiting for kits on last day of the previ ous week. Contract 2 If machine 1 had between 1 to 3 jobs waitingfor kits on last day of the previous week. Contract 3 If machine 1 had 0 jobs waiting for kits on last day of the previous week. Finally, on day 150 we try an all in strategy spending $160.000 in 1 machine for station 1 and 2 to increase the capacity and to process jobs only on conditions of contract 3. This decision was taken based on a demand of 91 jobs and a utilization of station 1 of 0.83 between days 143 and 149.Profits analysisThe table shows the sources and uses of cash including the analysis of main items.DescriptionAmount, $CommentsStarting Cash+ 1.000.000Revenue+2.770.670 493, 226 & 1981 jobs were accepted under contract 1, 2 & 3 respectively. $ 3.072.000 was the maximum possible revenue.(Calculations 493 x $ 750 + 226 x $ 1.000 + 1.981 x $ 1.250) $ 301.220 were befuddled for non-fulfillment of the contracts.(Calculations $ 3.072.000 2.770.670)Interest+81.993Stationpurchases-560.000 4 stations N1 were bought on days 61,115, 141 and 150. 2 stations N2 were bought on days 116 and 150. solely stations were bought at a certain time which ensures that the investment were payed back before the day 314 considering a pay back period 10-29 days for distributively station (see cost-benefit analysis). Inventory-1.704.600 2.841 kits were bought (including kits ordered by default). 2.566 kits were ordered on the review period corresponding to day 7. 2.700 jobs were accepted.Inefficiencies 134 kits were needed but not ordered (2.700-2.566 kits).They epitomise maximum losses of $ 167.500 (134 x $ 1.250) 141 kits were ordered but not needed (2.841-2.700 kits).They represent losses of $ 84.600 (141 x $ 600)Cash Balance1.588.064The cash balance shows that investments on machines and kits were payed back but was not possible to get a better profitability because orders were only 80/week instead 91/week as we predicted on day 150.Conclusion The Lab purchased the first 4 machines too late, so t he up-grade of the process and the pay back of the investments were got too late, affecting profits. The Lab should not have purchased last 2 machines (station 1 &2), since they were not needed to serve 80 orders/week (demand after day 150 was overestimated). It would have saved $ 160.000. The contracts were not changed on time, so because of that there was a maximum lost of $ 301.220. The kits were ordered including the number of jobs waiting for kits at the end of each week, because we do not wee that they were ordered by default. It would saved a maximum of $ 84.600. The Lab should have worked with LIFO instead FIFO system considering that kits queued for station 1 were mostly already late to be ready at the lead time of 0.5 days under contract 3.

How did Khrushchev and Brezhnev respond to rebellions

How did Khrushchev and Brezhnev respond to rebellions in some of the communist satellite states? Give specific examples of countries that rebelled, why they rebelled and an analysis of the responses by Khrushchev and Brezhnev to the rebellions Khrushchevs decision for de-Stalinization movements had repercussions in the Communist countries of Eastern Europe. Poland revolted against its government in October 1956. Hungary followed shortly afterward. Faced with open revolution, Khrushchev flew to Warsaw on October 19 with Soviet leaders and ultimately acquiesced in the Polish leader Wladyshaw Gomulkas field of study Communist solution, which allowed the Poles a great deal of independence.Khrushchevs shared decisions to crush the Hungarian renewing by force came largely because of the Hungarian premiers decision to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. With this one exception Khrushchev allowed a considerable amount of freedom to the European Communist parties and this stress in Eastern Euro pe it helped to crystallized opposition to Khrushchev within the Soviet Party. His stand on reforms in economics and political sympathies in the Soviet Union caused many enemies and party officials ended up removing him for military group and replacing him with Brezhnev who opened the doors to the West for the soviet people and this was especially potent to the younger citizens of the population. Khrushchev widely asserted his doctrine of peaceful coexistence which he had first spoke of in a speech at the 20th Party Congress.When Brezhnev came into power he left many affairs to other officials in the party, such as diplomatic relations with non-Communist states and internal economic development. Brezhnev concentrated on impertinent and military affairs and undertook measures to curtail ideological dissidence within the Soviet Union. He traveled extensively to foreign countries between 1961 and 1964. He made visits to all the European Communist countries, except Albania to improv e solidarity within the Communist block.But when Czechoslovakia attempted to liberalize its Communist system of government and party control, Brezhnev developed the concept, known as the Brezhnev teaching that justified the invasion of Czechoslovakia by its Warsaw Pact partners. During the 70s Brezhnev attempted to ease tensions with the West, especially the U.S. in a new policy of coexistence. It was during this clock time that under Brezhnevs rule Soviet military power was significantly increased and modernized, and the Soviet Union pursued a policy of supporting wars of national liberation in developing countries. In domestic policy he was preoccupied with neutralizing internal dissent and seeking to improve the performance of the Soviet providence particularly in agriculture and consumer goods, with little or no success.Works CitedTreadgold, Donald W. and Herbert J. Ellison. Twentieth Century Russia. Bolder, Colorado Westview Press, 2000.

Into the Wild Trans Essay

Transcendentalism is a long word to describe very desolate-minded people. Throughout the novel Into the Wild Chris McCandless, the main character, ventures impinge on into the wild to down nature at a in-person level. Chris comes from a household in which personal relationships, between him and his parents, were non present. While living in this environment, Chris never unfeignedly felt as if he belonged. It did not take too long before Chris had packed up his bags with nothing but a rifle, rice, and a roadmap and was off into the wilderness.The actions and thoughts in which Chris had loved resembled those of a transcendentalist thinker. The most distinct three transcendentalists in whom he coincided with include Whitman, Thoreau, and Emerson. During Chriss journey, he spent the fair majority of his conviction camping out or exploring what nature had to offer him. Miles and miles from home, Chris had started to feel a little sense of relief. Whitman was a sozzled believer in the idea of insularity of one egotism from everything in coiffe to feel relieved and free to learn and understand who they truly are.This technique helps one to truly get to know themselves and the person that they actu whollyy are, not who they are when they are living under the standards of society. Once Chris had reached a resting place far enough away from home the author described his convey as follows, He was unheeded, happy, and near to the wild heart of life. He was alone and young and willful and wildhearted, alone amid a waste of wild air and unpalatable waters and the seaharvest of shells and tangled and veiled grey sunlight (31).This helps to reveal that as Chris got farther and farther into the wilderness and away from society he was overjoyed and all wrapped up in nature and what it has to offer. Whitman himself also spent a sufficient amount of time amongst nature. His spot was in a dark and swart swamp, a place in which people do not usually follow. During h is time there, he studied nature, plants and animals all in which helped his to unravel himself. Likewise, Chris came to some personal realizations in which he didnt know before.I prefer the saddle to the streetcar and the star-spangled sky to a roof, the obscure and difficult trail, leading into the unknown, to whatever paved highway, and the deep peace of the wild to the discontent bred by cities(87). This statement was made by Chris, when he finally de bettered from the city and into the free land. If he had not left he would have continued to belief that he wantd what he was experiencing in society. When people do not know any separate way of living, they truly do not know what else is out there. During ones childhood they are placed under the standards of society and do not know any better, this was Chriss way of breaking free.Chris experienced himself through studying and living amongst nature, just as Whitman did. On this expedition, not just now did Chris connect with n ature, but he also found that inner connection with himself. Thoreau theorized that if man was to become unconcerned with his outward person and only follow and peppy by the needs and desires of ones self they would thrive and live in a natural state. He advocated that alone in the woods one is stripped of their pointion, because there is no one to express ideas and thought to except oneself.If there is no one or no society to force fake expression what is found is the real and true self and identity. Chris had escaped from the society standards and was finally left to be on his own. After recognizing this he suggests that, As if all your life you had been led by the hand like a small child and suddenly you were on your own, you have to learn to walk by yourself. There was no one around, neither your family nor people whose view you respected(103). No longer did Chris have to follow traditions, customs, or rules. Once Chris had abandoned society, he had left certain regulations a nd standards, leaving him to be himself.Chris was almost get-go on a fresh slate and striving to find his own identity. This coincides with Thoreaus belief that by living alone in the woods, one could hand a state of tranquility and through experience he could come to a better understanding of life and the self. By testing and experiencing saucily ideas, in the eyes of Thoreau, one was truly living the life. Throughout Chriss adventure, there were numerous times where he would stop and reflect on another part of himself in which he had just recognized and discovered.Later on in the novel Chris blissfully exclaims, The beauty of this country is becoming part of me. I feel more detached from life and somewhat gentler () I have always been unsatisfied with life as most people live it. Always I want to live more intensely and richly (91). As stated before, Chris had always felt as though he was and had to live up to a certain standard and it was sincerely starting to debilitate him. As soon as Chris started to think for himself and make his own decisions, which is necessary to tolerate in the wild, he realized his own ideals and the way in which he wanted to live his life.Just as Thoreau theorized, Chris would not have not had the king to live the life if he hadnt had gone out and tested/experienced new ideas. Courage and self-trust really motivated Chris to keep going and to not give up hope. Emerson was a strong supporter of the phrase trust thyself. He believed that every individual possesses a unique identity that can only be revealed when the individual has the courage to trust his or her own thoughts, attitudes, and inclinations even when the public may not approve.During Chriss trip he never really knew what to expect when he departed and as he continued on. Setting out in small, open boats, built from cowhide stretched over light caning frames, they crossed one of the most treacherous stretches of ocean in the world without knowing what, if anything, theyd find on the other side (97). Just as all the other people to go out and take on this same challenge, courage and trust from within was what kept them going. If Chris had not have believed in himself that he could go out and survive on this journey he may not even have made it out the door.Emerson had a strong opinion that each individual must develop a personal understanding of the universe. Chris really reflected this opinion in his desire to go out and experience the world on a more personal level. Emerson writes in Prospects, The reason why the world lacks unity, and lies broken in heaps, is because man is disunited with himself. Emerson believes that in order for a strong society to develop each individual needs to have a strong sense of who they are.This was one of the main reasons why Chris went on this trip, to figure out who he truly was. Throughout the novel, Chris McCandless resembles all three of these transcendentalist thinkers. Whether it was through his actions or thoughts, Chris exemplifies many ideals and beliefs of these men. If it was not for Chriss free mind and free spirit he may not have ever thought to encounter such a journey. Although the journey did not turn out salutary in the end, Chris learned bountiful lessons that benefitted him as an individual.

Assessing Writing Skills in a Communicative Paradigm Essay

Communicative Language exam is intended to assess learners ability to using the target run-in in realistic life situations. Its in a flash ten years since Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been introduced in secondary slope curriculum of Bangladesh. Therefore, the seek of side at the SSC level is now veneering the challenges of assessing learners communicative skills. This study looks at the existing model of the SSC side test and explores the possibilities of incorporating a to a greater extent communicatively based test format. The study is carried out on the foothold of an evaluation of the test heads on make-up skills set in the SSC test cover.It as well as explores the views of Bangladeshi secondary side teachers and internationally renowned Language Testing Experts. In this paper, it is argued that, though secondary English education in Bangladesh has stepped into a communicative era ten years back, the current SSC test is not in accordance with the curricu lum objectives. It is found that the test items on piece lack dickens validity and reliability. Suggestions made for improving the current SSC test embroil be the purpose of communication in English for SSC level learners, drafting test specifications, setting test items which atomic number 18 more relevant to a communicative purpose, and develop a scaling scheme to mark the subjective items.IntroductionThe excogitation of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has had much influence in the fields of English spoken language teaching, curriculum and test design. Since the 1970s, there have been considerable developments in the bea of language interrogation. Various theories and practical testing models have evolved following the concept of communicative competence. Bangladesh has introduced a communicative English curriculum at its secondary education sector.However, the aims and objectives of the communicative curriculum can never be achieved without a testing establish ment that assesses the communicative ability of learners. This paper looks at the existing Secondary direct Certificate (SSC) English tryout to identify the elements of communicative testing in it and examines the suitability of this testing system to the curriculum goals. The study involves a critical analysis of the current SSC test. It similarly explores the views of Bangladeshi secondary English teachers and dickens internationally renowned language testing experts on the SSC test and investigates the slipway of making it more communicatively based.Background of English Language Teaching (ELT) in BangladeshThe teaching of English in Bangladesh has a long history that traces back to the colonial era. However, the British models of teaching English continued to influence the ELT scenario of post-colonial Bengal even after the colonial shape was over in 1947. Since then the grammar translation method continued to influence the ELT scenario as the most dominant teaching method in the Indian subcontinent. later on the independence of Bangladesh (1971), several attempts were made to re-design ELT sector with little or no success.In 1990, a four year ELT project called Orientation of Secondary School Teachers for Teaching English in Bangladesh (OSSTTEB) was jointly launched by the Government of Bangladesh and DFID, UK to improve English Language Teaching and Learning at secondary level. This project revised, suitable and revamped the secondary English curriculum (Hoque, 1999). In 1997, a major step was initiated with the introduction of English Language Teaching Improvement Project (ELTIP). The project started on the job(p) with a view to improving the communicative competence of the secondary level learners. Under this project, a communicative curriculum, revised text books and newly pen Teachers Guides (TGs) were authentic and near 30 thousand English teachers, test administrators, and markers were trained.The SSC examinationThe SSC is the first pub lic examination in Bangladesh that learners sit for after 10 years of schooling. Students beat back English as a compulsory subject at this level. The examination is administered countrywide through the seven Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE). The interrogation papers argon set by the respective BISE independently following the national curriculum and program of National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB). The computer programme memorandum of NCTB explicitly recommends a testing system that is in keeping with the spirits of CLT. The new syllabus document for classes 9-10 (NCTB 1999 135) mentions, Until and unless a suitable public examination is devised that tests English language skills rather than students ability to memorise and copy without understanding, the aims and objectives of the syllabus can never be realised. Moreover samples of question papers were provided in the TGs and Teachers were further to follow the test models.Research QuestionsThis study is alludeed with the following question questions 1. How ar students writing skills tested by the existing SSC English examinations? 2. To what fulfilment are these test items communicatively based? 3. What do Bangladeshi teachers and the international testing experts think of the current SSC English examination? 4. How can the SSC examination be improved to beam the goals stated in the national curriculum and syllabus document?Research methodologyThe approach to this resaerch belongs to the interpretative epistemology which argues that experience, in social research, is concerned not with popularization, anticipation and control but with interpretation, meaning and illumination (Usher, 1996 12). The approach here is guided by the belief that reality is a complex phenomenon which does not admit straight events or simple cause-effect relationship. The data used is not only concerned with facts but also with values.In looking at a testing system which is comparatively n ew in the context of Bangladesh, it is admitted that reality is a human construct. The aim here is to explore perspectives and shared meanings (Wellington, 2000 16) and the data used here is qualitative.The research procedure uses triplet different sources for collecting data and involves three steps. They are a) a critical evaluation of the SSC English test format, b) collecting the views of Bangladeshi English teachers through questionnaires and, c) interviewing the two Australian testing experts based at Melbourne Univeristy. The evaluation of SSC examination includes a close analysis of the existing SSC test papers, syllabus document and marking criteria. The questionnaire attempts to explore the values and attitudes of secondary English teachers in relation to the SSC English testing system. The interviews with the language testing experts are intended to generate priceless ideas that could be applicable in improving the testing system of SSC.The development of modern languag e testingThe development of modern language testing occurred in three historical phases prior to and during the 1970s. These three periods are- the scientific era, the psychometric-structuralist era and the unifying sociolinguistic era Spolsky (19785). According to Spolsky, the pre-scientific era was characterised by a lack of concern for statistical matters or for such notions as objectivity and reliability in language testing whereas the psychometric-structuralist period was concerned with tests that focus on discrete item tests. In fact, the psychometric-structuralist approach provided the basis for the flourishing of the standardised language test with its emphasis on discrete structure point items. However, discrete point tests were also criticised for being insufficient indicators of language proficiency (Oller 1979 212). Language testing was directed to global tests in the 1970s, which opened up the psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic era (Weir, 1988 3). This format of global a nd integrative tests (such as cloze) gained theoretical support from many researchers.Davies distinguishes four important types of language tests on the basis of their function or use- achievement tests, proficiency tests, aptitude tests and symptomatic tests (Davies and Allan 1977 46-7). While achievement tests are concerned with assessing what has been learned of a cognize syllabus, proficiency tests are based on assessing the learning of either a known or unknown syllabus.The concept of communicative competenceThe idea of communicative language teaching emerged in the 1970s following Hymes theory of communicative competence, which greatly emphasised learners ability to use language in context, particularly, in foothold of social demands of exercise (McNamara, 2000 116). Hymes believes that knowing a language is more than knowing its rules. in maven case Hymes proposed the idea of communicative competence, it was expanded in various ways during the following two decades. The t erm competence was interpreted in many different ways by researchers. To some it simply means the ability to distribute to others it means the social rules of language use and to yet other, it refers to a set of abilities including knowledge of linguistics, socio-linguistics and intercourse rules (Bachman & Palmar, 1984 34). However, the basic idea of communicative competence remains the ability to use language appropriately, both receptively and productively, in real situations (Kiato, et al. 1996 1)The development of communicative language testingThe idea of communicative testing was developed on the basis of Hymes two dimensional model of communicative competence that comprises a linguistic and a sociolinguistic element. Davies et al. gives the following definition of communicative language testsCommunicative tests are tests of communicative skills, typically used in contradistinction to tests of grammatical knowledge. Such tests often introduce to operationalise theories of c ommunicative competence, although the form they take will depend on which dimension they choose to emphasise, be it specificity to context, authenticity of materials or the simulation of real life performance. (Davies et al. 1999 26)Harrison mentions three ingredients which distinguishes a communicative language test from other tests. He argues1. A communicative test should assess language used for a purpose beyond itself. 2. A communicative test should depend on the bridging of an information gap. It has to propose a language using purpose which can be fulfilled by the communicative skill so far acquired by the learners. 3. A communicative test should represent an encounter. The situation at the end of it should be different from what it was at the beginning, and this means that there has to be some sequence within the test.(Harrison, 1983 77-8)Competence Vs performanceThere have been debates among the researchers regarding the nature and function of communicative tests. One exha ust of controversy was how to specify the components of communicative competence and to relate them in measuring performances. Another complication arose as the terms competence and performance were used differently by various researchers suggesting important distinctions between them. Chomsky (1965) claimed that competence refers to the linguistic system which an ideal native speaker has internalized whereas performance is mainly concerned with the psychological factors that are involved in the perception and production of speech.Later Hymes (1972) explicitly, and Campbell and Wales (1970) implicitly proposed a broader notion of communicative competence in which they included grammatical competence as well as contextual or sociolinguistic competence. They, however, adopted the distinction between communicative competence and performance. According to Canale and Swain (1980 3) competence refers to knowledge of grammar and other aspects of language while performance refers to authe ntic use.For the language testing researchers it was elusive to determine an ideal test model, which could be valid and reliable copious to test communicativecompetence. They were concerned with what performances for travail based activities need to be devised in order to assess learners communicative competence. The most discussed answer to this query is the one provided by Canale and Swain (1980) who, in their influential work Approaches to Second Language Testing specified four aspects of knowledge or competence- grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, strategical competence and discourse competence.What firebrands good communicative tests?Though a communicative language test intents to measure how students use language in real life, it is difficult to set a task that can measure communicative competence in real contexts. Ellison (2001 44) argues that testing by its very nature is artificial and unless we are to follow an examinee around all the time noting how h e/she deals with the target language in all situations, we necessarily have a less than real situation. However, it should be the aim of the test setter to try and complement real situations as much as possible. Referring to the difficulty of identifying the elements of communicative testing Morrow (1991) statesThe essential question which a communicative test must answer is whether or not (or how well) a candidate can use language to communicate meanings. But communicate meanings is very elusive criterion indeed on which to base judgment.(Morrow, 1991 112)There have been attempts to develop a model for communicative competence and valid tests of its components. Bachman and Palmer (1984 35) key three approaches the skill-component approach, communicative approach and measurement approach to specify what language tests measure. Offering a detailed interpretation of the Canale-Swain communicative approach, Bachman and Palmer specify some factors (trait factors, modal auxiliary verb f actors, method factors) that should be considered while designing a performance test. Having examined the structure of a model which encompasses these three factors, Skehan (1991 9) regarded it as being of pivotal importance in influencing the language testing theories and practices throughout the 1990s. Later Bachman went further as he offered important distinctions between task-based and construct-based approaches to test design. He explainedThe procedures for design, development, and use of language tests must hold both a specification of the assessment task to be included and definition of the abilities to be assessed.(Bachman, 2000 456)Task based language assessment gave rise to two questions a) How real-life task types are identified, selected and characterized and how pedagogic or assessment tasks are related to these (Bachman, 2000 459) .The discussion of different approaches to language testing are concerned with their strengths and limitations in terms of the criteria of validity and reliability. Validity in language testing is about whether a test can measure what it is intended to measure. Other arguments regarding the test validity include the question of content relevance and representativeness, task difficulty etc. Reliability refers to the extent to which test scores are consistent.Assessing second language writing judging of second language writing has been discussed on the basis of two different approaches objective test of writing and direct test of writing. Objective tests claim to test writing through verbal reasoning, error recognition and other measures that have been shown fairly highly with measured writing ability (Lyons, 1991 5). In direct tests of writing, actual samples of students writings are assessed. In fact, direct tests of writing have won the support of many researchers as they engage students with more communicative and creative task types. However, this approach has also been criticised for lacking reliability. Despite th eir problems with reliability, direct tests are still very popular in many academic settings throughout the world.Kiato et al. (1996 2) refer to some typical problems of testing writing. They point out that testing writing objectively may not necessarily reflect the way it is used by the students in the real world. On the other hand, testing of writing in a way that reflects how the students use writing in real world is difficult to try objectively and the test setters has less control over the writing tasks. However, they argue that the ability to write should involve six component skills- grammatical ability, lexical ability, mechanically skillful ability, stylistic skills, organisational skills and judgment of appropriacy. Among the writing tasks they find useful are gap filling, form completion, making corrections, letter and essay writing.Weir (1988 63-4) offers an elaborate discussion on both indirect (objective) and direct tests and distinguishes the two types. He argues tha t writing can be divided into discrete elements such as grammar, vocabulary and punctuation etc. and these elements are tested separately by the use of objective tests. He suggested that both productive and receptive skills can be broken down in to levels of grammar and lexis agree to a discrete point framework and objective tasks such as cloze, selective deletion, gap filling etc. can be designed for testing reading with writing. Weir describes the direct test of writing as a more integrative test which tests a candidates ability to perform veritable of the functional tasks required in the performance of duties in the target situation.Research on writing involving both native speakers and second language are also concerned with basic studies of the nature of writing process in order to relate them to the validity of writing test tasks. Some of the questions concerned are1. To what extent is performance influenced by the amount of prior knowledge that writers have about the topic that they are asked to write about in a test? 2. Does it make a difference how the writing task is specified on the test paper? 3. Do different types of tasks produce significant difference in the performance of learners in a writing test? (Read, 1991 77) Johns (1991 171) suggests three criteria for academic testing of writing- (1) use of reading for writing assessment testing for audience awareness, (2) exploitation of habitual writing genres argumentation and problem solution, and (3) testing of subject matter, conceptual control and planning. He insists that reading and writing be combined to give a more authentic context for testing writing for academic purpose. He saysBecause reading and writing are interconnected at all academic levels, it seems unprofessional and sure unacademic to test writing without the genuine interactivity that reading provides.(Johns, 19991 176)Literature on testing has suggested different strategies to cope with the problem of making direct writing t asks. The problem with these tasks is they are very difficult to mark as the marking of such tasks is somewhat subjective. One solution suggested by many testing experts is to use an analytical marking scheme to help make the marking consistent. Murphy (1979 19) outlined the nature of a marking scheme demanded by the Associated Examining Boards, A marking scheme is a comprehensive document indicating the explicit criteria against which candidates answers will be judged it enables the examiners to relate particular marks to answers of specified quality.There have been discussions on two types of marking for free writing tasks- impressionistic and analytic. However there are arguments over what valid and reliable measures of writing can be used and what susceptibility be the relationship of these measures to overall impressionistic quality rating. The TOFEL examination included a direct writing measure (Connor, 1991 216) in 1986 for the test of written English that was marked holisti cally (TOFEL test of written English guide 1989).A great deal of research was conducted by the Educational Testing Service into the development and organization of a measure to assess communicative competence in writing (Bridgman Carlson, 1983 Carlson et al. 1985). A holistic scoring guide was developed to mark two general topics-comparison/contrast and describing a graph that had six levels and included syntactic and rhetorical criteria. The Test of Written English Scoring Guidelines (1989) identified the following criteria of a written task.An essay in the highest category is- well organized and well developed, effectively addressed the writing task, uses appropriate details to support or illustrate ideas, shows unity, tackiness and progression, displays consistent facility in the use of language, and show ups syntactic variety and appropriate word choice.(The Test of Written English Scoring Guidelines, 989)The marking scheme suggested by ELTIP to help teachers assess writing c ompositions is made on the basis of five criteria- grammar, vocabulary, mechanical accuracy, communication and content. A Marking scheme like this shows how developments in language testing research are providing models to cope with the challenges of marking writing tasks.The SSC Curriculum, syllabus and the testThe SSC is the school leaving public examination for grad 10 students. English is a compulsory subject at this level and the test of English is an achievement test in kind. The test is designed to test reading and writing skills only as there is no provision of testing listening and speaking skills.The NCTB syllabus of English focuses on the development of the four skills through learner-centred activities within meaningful contexts. It gives importance to choosing contexts which reflect actual social situations outside the classroom and make the learning of English relevant, interesting and enjoyable. It is expected as per the syllabus that students should achieve an elemen tary to intermediate command of the four language skills by the end of secondary level. The curriculum document specifies the objective and purposes of learning English as it statesEnglish needs to be recognised as an essential work-oriented skill that is needed if the employment, development and educational needs of the country are to be met successfully. increase communicative competence in English, therefore, constitutes a vital skill for learners at this stage.(SSC Syllabus Document, 1999, NCTB 136)Terminal competencies in four skills are specified in the NCTB syllabus. The competencies for writing skills for grade 10 are defined as followsStudents should be able to-a) write simple dialogues, formal and informal letters including letters of application and reports. b) demonstrate imagination and creativity in appropriate writing forms. c) fill in the forms (i.e. job applications etc.) and write a curriculum vitae d) plan and organise the above tasks expeditiously so as to commun icate ideas and facts clearly, accurately and with relevance to the topic. e) take notes and dictationsf) use different punctuation and geographical devices appropriately.

Tasks For Businesses Starting Foreign Operation Economics Essay

Organization go global for as stylement of ground unless most of signification end and purpose is beau monde s development and en mountainousment. around(prenominal) company look international market for growing by presenting new merchandise internationally willing increase company s guest base, gross revenues and gross, company gets higher net incomes in less clip, it reduces the dependableness of organisation on traditional markets, company which can implemented in domestic help market and larn planetary fight. This is the purposes of concern travel international to a unchangeable realm ( www.imics.com ) .Business get downing overseas surgical procedure in polar cite is whizz sort of internationalisation. Internationalization is non a new phenomenon. Peoples beat been merchandising acroos boundary line since beginning of history and this procedure of internationalisation refers to growing and international dealingss, international flock, country/regional confede rations, etc, organisation has to look into the states sparing, societal, policy-making, technological, surroundal, legal can civilization and numerous other factors before it takes its foreign motion in that stable state. The state with most stable economic, societal, semipolitical and technological factors can be considered as the most stable state. Economic factors the cares of interest rates, exchange rates, national income, etc, Social factors wish well ageing population, attitudes of people towards the work, income distribution. Technological factors kindred rate of technological obsolescence and innovation. , Political factors manage agribusiness and nutrient policy, legal philosophy and order issues in the night club, defence policy etc. the state with more freedom and which consist all the characteristics menti unmatchabled before are called as stable state for illustration as per the study generated by Oxford Business Group states that despite the economic cha llenges in 2009-2010 due to the planetary fiscal crises, the grand Turk of Oman remains bingle of the most economically and politically stable states in the Middle East in term of concern ( www.zawya.com ) . The repot besides said on trade side, sultanate made different moves to increase the nexus with Asia and Oman is besides ask foring international organisation in industry, touristry and instruction sector to derive land and increase the GDP by 2020.india is given the topographic point of most stable state in south east Asia.India has the biggest democracy in the whole universe.Indian economic system is bettering continuously. The GDP is estimated at 2.96 trillion US dollars in 2007 and the GDP existent growing rate in 2007 was 8.7 % . India has the 3rd highest GDP in footings of buy power para only in front of Japan and its behind US and China.so the developed state USA, UK and Canada are attracted toward developing and stable state like India and China.and best illustration for this is Microsoft is be by and bying to increase its work force in India by puting $ 1.7 billion by 2010 and even Cisco is be aftering to hold its 20-30 % of its employees in India by 2012.all this are the mark for India s growing but the root cause of these are foreign operation and the attraction of India s work force.Outsourcing is one of the major illustrations of foreign operation. Out sourcing is am resistless tendency in the twenty- starting signal century.we can state globalisation has improved the outsourcing activities and its been supported by many states. Many companies worldwide have supported and has moved at that place foreign operation in stable states like India, Philippines. Furthermore many large companies like HP, DELL have the offshore units in the stable state for illustration HP has its client service unit in Mumbai with 3rd occasionies like Sutherland Global Services and NIKE company direct its designs to their other subcontractor in south Korea and C hina and so the production takes topographic point in south Korea and China. This helps company to bring forth more net income for thither their concern activities.this is as per the information provided in WTO Website. Companies make big net income by seaward unit for illustration a company named Xchnaging , its operating net income increased from 47.3 million lbs in 2008 to 63.9 million lb in 2009 ( The Times News, 2010 ) . And this research was done one of the IT selling research company XMG GLOBAL . And it states that company is one of most successful outsourcing company in India which is established.offshore is means outsourcing or opening foreign operation beyond their location or boundaries in other words traveling international. Foreign operation in stable state concentrates on much colossal assortment of different merchandises, services and turning states.The factors set uping the concern are immense and if an organisation privation to travel international or want star t its foreign in an stable state the certain points has to be kept in head like economic place of that state like form of concern rhythm, Current and projected economic growing, rising prices and involvement rates, Unemployment and labour supply of that stable state, cost of labour and skilled labour has good, Levels of disposable income and income distribution, come to of globalisation, Likely impact of technological or other alteration on the economic system and alterations takes topographic point in economic environment of the stable state. Socio-cultural factors to be kept in head are community growing rate of the state and age profile, Population wellness, instruction and societal mobility, and attitudes to these on the state, Population employment forms, occupation market freedom and attitudes to work of the employee. And political position which has to maintain in head are the type authorities and its stableness, freedom of imperativeness, different regulations of the leg islation and degrees of bureaucratism if its has democracy and degree or corruptness every bit good, Regulation and de-regulation tendencies, societal and employment statute law of the state, most of import revenue enhancement policy and trade and duty controls, Environmental and consumer- breastplate statute law and likely alterations in the political environment.If the some same as to be implemented on a stable state can be done. India is one of the stable state in south west Asia and develop states like USA, UK, etc are attracted towards the development and stable state like India and one of the illustration for this can be seen late when David Cameron visited India and he opened a freshly first rural MNC BPO in India.and there are many factors company has to maintain in head before they enter India and some of the factors and been here and I have tried to pest analyses on it and explicate itPolitical Factors India is the biggest democracy in the World. The authorities type is f ederal democracy. Based on English common jurisprudence judicial reappraisal of legislative Acts of the Apostless accepts compulsory ICJ legal power with reserves separate personal jurisprudence codifications apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus. The political Situation in the state is more or less stable. For most of its democratic history, the federal Government of India has been led by the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . State political relations have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , the Communist Party of India ( CPI ) , and assorted regional parties. In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest phone number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a authorities with a alliance called the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) , supported by assorted left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP. Overall India instanter has a alliance led authorities and both major political parties the UPA and BJP, w hichever comes in power.Economic Factors The economic factors in India are bettering continuously. The GDP ( Buying cause Parity ) is estimated at 2.965 trillion U.S. dollars in the twelvemonth 2007. The GDP- per Capita ( PPP ) was 2700 U.S. dollars as estimated in 2007. The GDP- existent growing rate in 2007 was 8.7 % . India has the 3rd highest GDP in footings of buying power para merely in front Japan and behind U.S. and China. Foreign direct investing rose in the financial twelvemonth ended March 31 2007 to about $ 16 billion from merely $ 5.5 billion a twelvemonth before. There is a uninterrupted growing in per capita income India s per capita income is expected to make 1000 dollars by the terminal of 2007-08 from 797 dollars in 2006-07. This will take to higher purchasing power in the Hands of the Indian consumers.A Social India is the 2nd most thickly settled state in the universe with an approximative population of over 1.1billion people. This population is divided in th e undermentioned age construction 0-14 old ages 31.8 % , 15-64 old ages 63.1 % and 65 old ages and above 5.1 % . There has besides been a uninterrupted supplement in the ingestion of beer in India. With an addition in the buying power the Indian consumer which preferred local hard spirits which is far cheaper is now able to acquire a gustatory sensation of the comparatively expensive beer market. The societal tendency toward beer ingestion is altering and India has seen an addition of 90 % beer ingestion from the twelvemonth 2002- 2007. This addition is far greater than the addition in the BRIC states of Brazil ( 20 per cent ) , Russia ( 50 per cent ) and China ( about 60 per cent ) . Thus this shows a positive tendency for beer industries in India.Technology The Indian beer Industry is heating up with a batch of foreign participants come ining the Indian market. The technological knowhow and expertness will besides come in the Indian market with an addition in competition. F or illustration beer brewing plan major Ziemann has entered India and has set up fabrication works in India. Ziemann Group, based in Ludwigsburg unspoiled Stuttgart in Germany, has founded Ziemann India. It will get down production in 2008. This will assist convey in technological knowhow and increase the production of beer. SABMiller has merely placed an order for the design and building of two prison guard workss in India to Ziemann. The new workss are planned for Sonipat in Haryana and for another location near Bangalore. Both breweries will hold an one-year capacity of 1 milllion hectolitres each in the beginning and might be extended subsequently. Thus with European engineering come ining the Indian beer market increased production and take downing cost of production could play a major function in the Indian beer market. The OLI Model are the different theories like Ownership The Indian market provides good ownership chances for Inbev India International private limited. The Government policies on FDI are unleash uping and companies like Carlsberg has besides invested in breweries in India. Besides cost of fabrication and brewing beer in India is much cheaper. The cost of natural stuff and labour in India is inexpensive therefore giving Inbev India a good opportunity of cut downing cost of production. The fact that European companies are puting up workss in India to establish brewing engineering means that in the hereafter Inbev could hold ownership of these engineerings at a much cheaper rate as compared to when bought in other markets. muddle There are a batch of location specific advantages for Inbev India International Private particular(a). The Indian beer Industry is all set to heat up with the Indian market s compound one-year growing rate ( CAGR ) of 6.7 % from 2002 to 2006. The beer market volume is set to lift to 1155 million litres by 2011 an addition of 37.4 % from 2006. North India is basking beer like neer earlier. During the first one- fourth of 2006, about 5 million instances of beer were sold in Punjab and Haryana as against 600,000 instances in Q1 of 2005-06. This was the instance because the authorities has revised its policy in these provinces and there is an betterment in the distribution channels in these countries. India is besides expected to go the 2nd largest beer market in Asia by 2020 merely after China. Thus all these factors along with India holding adjacent states like Nepal and Sri Lanka, where beer could be exported through India gives Inbev India a good Location advantage.A Internalization Inbev India International Private Limited would desire to hold intrinsicisation because over a period of clip it would lose out on a competitory border in the part if it merely sticks to exporting and non FDI investing. As other houses would come in and develop their substructure and distribution channel, therefore able to bring forth at with execrable costs. India besides is a immense potency market as men tioned earlier and Inbev would non desire to lose out on the chance it can supply. Besides since there is a batch of ruddy tapism and contractual jobs term exporting etc. It would be better to be in India instead than export. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.mysensex.com )The political construction of European brotherhood have different grouping s like European Union ( EU ) , NAFTA and ASEAN and this groupings are going extremely potent in international trade. In this instance the EU integrating represents non merely economic integrating spot besides political integrating. The headway EU political establishments can be summarized as follows council of curates is the highest law- doing authorization in the EU with executive authorization and ministerial representation from each member province. European committee is the chief legislative part. Headed by a president with appointed commissioners from the member provinces. European parliament is the chief representative organic s tructure but with limited law-making map and rank of each province is in proportion to the province s population. Otther European tribunal of justness is composed of one justice per member province and its map is to guarantee that EU statute law is interpreted and applied in the some manner in each member province. This tribunal is the 1 of the ultimate and of import authorization in EU jurisprudence and there are many other establishments including tribunal of hearers, European ombudsmen and European information protection organic structure.The political hazard and its impact on international concern has been critical in modern concern. Political clime across the Earth makes engagement in concern, the issues of democracy passage economic systems and regionalization? Basically it is to make with today s political hazard to a concern. All organisation wants to run its foreign operation and bring forth in abroad market has to see the hazard of the host state. There is may states put on the line like political, economic, competitory and operational hazard job which can disrupt company s internal and external events, the job created by political actions of authorities or political development of the part. Political instability is a serious job in states where political power is shared there are tensenesss within society and greater political stableness.the state which has political stableness it attracts the foreign investors and it increases foreign investing. And if there Is no political stableness it can take to serious make for international concern. The political instability can originate due to factors like divisions in the society. Which are cultural differences and societal unfairness, menaces from terrorist act it can be internal and external every bit good for illustration D company in India and Al Qaeda universe broad, armed groups- such as subdivisions of the military, soaked regional units -like Tamil Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams in Sri Lanka, Kashmir separationist in India, military authorities and factionalised political leading and this factors can do a immense impact on concern they can put on the line to stockholder valve which is sort of loss of capital and straight inability to repatriate dividends. This sort of can be raised during wars.and hence understanding political environment of the international market is truly of import for any organisation.they may be many states may look politically stable and good but they may be may political cultural issues in that states like corruptness so this has to considered before come ining the foreign land.The authorities policy and factors are influential on international concern and its activity and in peculiarly on the determinations of the international company that the company should run in the state or non. And the policy determinations which makes difference in concern and which company has to maintain in head while come ining are financial and pecuniary policy for eg revenue enhancement like what is the revenue enhancement regulations in the state. what per centum of revenue enhancement the company has to pay, environmental policy like what are the regulations to be approve before company starts its industrial work, regional development policy which has to be followed eg- Pepsi promised Indian authorities that it traveling to develop the rural country in 1983, public assistance province policy for eg wellness, societal security, pensions, instruction eg all the organisation in India has to make some educational development, agribusiness and nutrient policy, defence policy which critical and no state would compromise in it, in-migration policies, jurisprudence and order issues in society, wellness and safety issues and regulations in that authorities and its one of the major issue, employment policies like minimal rewards and age standards for illustration Pepsi when launched in India in 1983 it promised Indian authorities that it will supply e mployment to Indian people and through this sort of proposal it made it easier for company to come in the Indian market.This shows us that political environment makes difference in international concern. We have noted that much of international concern today is on the states of the passage democracies and emerging universe. These states have tremendous chances for growing, but at the same clip they are confronting figure of political challenges. Political stableness or instability make a immense impact on international concern or foreign operation.

Literature: Harlem Renaissance and New Negro

Climax Georges cause confronts Deaths belief that it was k to send her love to kill other peoples loved ones and did not expect George to die. In doing this she forces Edited to leave her romantic notion of war and see the reality of war. * In the end she forgets and leaves the reality of conduct and returns to the ideal (Romanticism). Desires cocker * Racism * When a baby is three months old the babys true skin color comes into view. Vernacular French * El blanches, black slaves, but it meaner the whites.Desire has no know background * Desire could have been white * Race and color do not have a connection. * Armband says that Desire is not white. * Finds a letter from his mother when he is burning Desires letters reveals that his mother was black. 6/10/13 Naturalism Spanish-American war 1890 * The letter * Naturalism without the human mask of morality and humanity, we are brute beasts, living in an indifferent world. * He lives in a determinist world * Steven Grain was writing a t the end of the 18th nose candy so he is a naturalist * Three college students after the age of literature called realism * Charles DarwinTheory of Evolution * Survival of the fittest * Realists acknowledge God in that it is our Job to help others live a more ethical life. * Romanticism believes in God as the creator of all and we are made in his image. * Darwin, challenges these viewpoints. * He looks at man as the sum of changes that they must make in order to survive in their changing environment. * A battle among those who have and those who have not. * A battle against the cold, unfeeling, power of nature. Karl Marx * He took the fundamental aspects of Darnings theory to propose the philosophy of Class antagonism.The battle between the classes for the resources needed for life and advancement. * Naturalism is the idea that all life is about money and that some living to be a doctor and other are destined to be the nurse. * As long as there is plenty to go around we are nice to each other. * When there is scarcity we become vicious dogs engagement for survival. * The animal in all humans will come out in situation of life or death. Sigmund Freud the father of psychology * Our tendency is to wishing to be the leader. * We will do whatever it takes to acquire wealth and resources.

Rutgers

Talent Search Rutgers Essay Visiting Rutgers university on November 5th, 2013 was unimpeachably a great experience as well as an eye opener for me. From touring the dfferent campus, getting an interior look in one of the Residence Halls and actually sitting and eating lunch In a setting filled with actual college students, the experience was surreal. Vlsltlng Rutgers motivated me to seek better for myself so that hopefully I can attend there or somewhere like it. With that said, there atomic number 18 many factors that induce In to play hen considering me being able to go to Rutgers University.What can I watch? cardinal of the best things or so Rutgers Is that It offers over a hundred different majors, and holds thousands of courses. When I get Into college I would Ilke to study Sports focussing with a minor In Marketing. Luckily, Rutgers does offer a Bachelors degree In sports Management and rather of minoring In Marketing I could make it a major as well and be a double maj or. An prospect like that is breath taking and decidedly caught my attention.Although Rutgers doesnt ffer my major beyond a bachelors degree, like masters or doctorates, Rutgers is an accredited university so another college with a Sports Management masters program would greatly accept my bachelors degree from Rutgers. Is Rutgers worth the cost? With such large and diverse campuses, Rutgers is a bit pricey. Although nonrecreational to attend may be very expensive, to me its a risk worth taking. Rutgers diversity along with its pedantic profile suggests that it is one of the top tier colleges across the nation.Also, Rutgers has so much more(prenominal) to offer than in effect(p) cademics. With 400 student groups, Division 1 athletic programs, and the states most extensive network of research labs, RIJ definitely sets the bar very high. Hopefully with a helping hand from Financial Aid, Rutgers cost will be a little less expensive so that I can cover all costs. enkindle I get i n? Thats the million dollar question. Based on the different requirements and things that come in to play when the office of admissions chose who they would like to see at their school, I think I have a fair shot.With my SAT cores and my personal statement, hopefully I stand out in a sort that would help me get accepted. Rutgers university is definitely a great choice for me personally. Although It has been on my college list, the tour definitely certain Its position. With Just a few hours worth of being there I could only Imagine what It would be like to be there full time. Hopefully, Rutgers university Is In my future Rutgers By hochoyt Visiting Rutgers University on November 5th, 2013 was definitely a great experience as well as an eye opener for me.From touring the different campus, unch in a setting filled with actual college students, the experience was surreal. Visiting Rutgers motivated me to seek better for myself so that hopefully I can attend there or somewhere like it. With that said, there are many factors that come in to play What can I study? One of the best things about Rutgers is that it offers over a hundred different majors, and holds thousands of courses. When I get into college I would like to study Sports Management with a minor in Marketing. Luckily, Rutgers does offer a Bachelors degree in Sports Management and instead of minoring inMarketing I could make it a major as well and be a double major. An opportunity like that is breath taking and definitely caught my attention. Although Rutgers doesnt top tier colleges across the nation. Also, Rutgers has so much more to offer than Just Rutgers University is definitely a great choice for me personally. Although it has been on my college list, the tour definitely sensible its position. With Just a few hours worth of being there I could only imagine what it would be like to be there full time. Hopefully, Rutgers University is in my future

Obesity Essay Introduction Essay

In the process of evolution, a homophile frame has adapted to accumulate a supply of nutrients in the amount of food for expending it in conditions of forced absence or restriction of provision. This kind of evolutionary advantage allowed us to survive in difficult times. In ancient period, fatness was considered as a sign of well-being, prosperity, fertility, and health. An example is the sculpture of genus Venus of Willendorf, dated 22nd millennium BC. E.A careful attitude to induce weight is a tailor of the present time. The lifestyle of a modern person is often far from what doctors and elementary common wizard recommend. Constant stress and inability to have a good rest lead to one of the simplest and cheapest slipway to relax like absorption of high-calorie food. As a result, a wide-scale disease in megacities becomes obesity, but it dejection be prevented by conducting regular laboratory diagnostics.Obesity is a widespread illness, characterized by excessive using of a dipose tissue. The problem frequently occurs with age, when motor activity decreases, and a number of vital body systems fail.The multiplication of fatness is mostly caused by a violation of the balance between energy intake and its outlay of the body. Excess calories, i.e. not consumed by an organism, are converted to grease, which accumulates in fat stores. We are talking nearly subcutaneous tissue, epiploon, abdominal wall, internal organs, etc. An increase in fat stores leads to addition in body weight and disruption of many systems.The basis of an appearance of primary obesity is an alimentary factor associated with an enhance energy value of the diet at low energy costs. The mentioned type develops as an output of the prepotency in a menu of carbohydrates and animal grease or disruption of dietary patterns, which often carries a family predisposition. Calories contained in fats contribute more to weight gain than those involved in proteins and carbohydrates.Hypodinamy sign ificantly reduces an ability of muscles to oxidate grease. Secondary fatness accompanies such hereditary syndromes as Babinsky-Frohlichs disease, Gelino syndrome, Lawrence-Myan-Barde-Biddle syndrome, etc. Symptomatic obesity whitethorn also happen against a background of various cerebral lesions.Similar changes in eating behaviour occur as a result of the violation of a hypothalamic-pituitary regulation, which is responsible for controlling behavioral responses. Their genesis is also facilitated by a number of factors, such as a low-activity lifestyle, genetically caused disorders of enzyme activity, errors in reputation or dietary, some endocrine pathologies, stress, lack of sleep, and the use of psychotropic or hormonal drugs.Obesitys presence within a certain patient entails the need for a number of laboratory tests prerequisite for finding out the reasons and an appointment of adequate therapy. Analyzes allow you to assess liver function, parameters of fat and carbohydrate me tabolism, a state of the reproductive system, the functioning of the thyroid gland.Thus, every person suffering from fatness could have own motivation for weight loss cosmetic effect, reducing the risk to health, improving efficiency, a desire to run down smaller clothes or a wish to look good. However, goals and its rates should be real and directed, number 1 of all, to reduce dangers of obesity-related complications.With hereditary predisposition, at the age of 40 years, in conditions of hypodinamy, it needs to limit consumption of carbohydrates, fats, shipping to the diet of protein and plant foods. For the prevention of obesity, a person with a normal weight is enough to miss calories and energy as much as he or she gets them during the day.

Marketing research: assume you are developing

Mc Daniel and Gates (1999) turn over presumption a ten-point procedure for evolution a questionnaire. This procedure can be adapted and used in designinging a questionnaire for the newly developed sandwich by MacDonalds. These authors have emphasized the need for questionnaires to be developed properly, otherwise incomplete and inaccurate selective indata formattingion sh whole be generated. They specifically stressed the need for triad important questions to be answered adequately by the would-be questionnaire designer or developer. These questions argon as follows(a) Does the questionnaire to be developed for MacDonalds sandwich provide the necessary decision-making information for centering? For example, can it tell management ab emerge the ingredients that should make-up the sandwich and at what price it should be sold to the public?(b) Does it consider the respondent to whom the questionnaire shall be administered to? If respondents are interpreted into account, the quest ions would be tailored to their level of comprehension.(c)Does the questionnaire meet editing, coding and data touch on needs? It behooves questionnaire developers to take these concerns into account before designing the questions. Ideally, the questionnaire should be pre-tested to see how the questions are understood by the respondents.Questionnaire development ProcessesAccording McDonald and Gates (1999) these ten steps should be followed in designing a questionnaire1. repose objectives of the study and consider resources and constraints of the study (MacDonalds sandwich )- Every study as such the virtuoso on sandwich must have a definite objective. This objective should be clearly recite out. A meaningful objective is one which is attainable within the resources at the disposal of the company perpetration the research study.For example, an objective can be to establish how the newly developed sandwich should be priced. feasible constraints of the study also need to be ident ified and factored into the process of developing and administering the questionnaire. For example, if the intended market of the sandwich is noted for apparent difficulty in securing respondents to participate in research study, that constraint should be taken into account. In such situations, it may be needful to increase the incentives given to respondents to encourage participation.2. feel what data collection procedures to use Questionnaires can be administered by telephone, email, or in-person. Each approach employed influences the design used. It also has a cost implication, which must be taken into account.3.Come out with the question repartee format After zeroing in on the method for collecting the data, the actual format should be determined. Generally, three types of response formats can be used. These include open-ended questions, where the respondent is given freewill to respond to questions in his profess words. There are also the close-ended questions, where resp ondents are allowed to select from a list of answers. Thirdly, there is the scaled-response questions, where multiple-choice questions are given to respondents to pick answers from.4. Make a decision on how the question should be worded McDonald and Gates (1999) have given four guidelines that should govern this process. These are (a) the wording should be clear and to the point. (b) Select words that do not preempt other answers over others or that systematically biase the research outputs. (c) consider the ability of the distinctive respondents to answer the questions and (d) take into account the willingness of the respondents to answer the questions.5. Determine the arrangement of the questions The questions should be arranged in such a manner that establishes a flow. For example, questions that warm up the respondents should come before those considered difficult and complex.6. Assess the questionnaire Determine the relevance and longevity of questions and the ability of que stions to answer the research objectives.7. Seek the consent of relevant stakeholders Allow all relevant stakeholders to review the questionnaire and give their approval before administering it in the field. By this approach, their support and cooperation is gained.8. Give it a trial and revise it accordingly Before administering the questionnaire, it must be field tried or tested. Here, throttle number of persons is allowed to answer the questions and how they understood or perceived the questions are evaluated. Their comments are then factored into the last-place questionnaire.9.Develop the final copy of the questionnaire At this juncture, a final copy of the questionnaire is developed. This copy incorporates both the comments of management, sponsors and respondents.10. Administer the questionnaire The questionnaire is given out to the intended population for which information is needed. Instructions to guide supervisors and interviewers should accompany the questionnaires p repared.ConclusionBy adopting this ten-point approach to developing and implementing questionnaires, it should be possible for the needed information to guide managerial decision-making on the newly developed sandwich of MacDonalds to be obtained.ReferenceMcDaniel, C. and Gates, R. (1999). Contemporary Marketing Research, 4th Edition, South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Personal Leadership Plan Essay

Aspiring to be a life history Coach upon receiving my degree in Human Services, I shed chosen to write about the roles of purport Coaches and a projected blueprint I aspire to maven day develop or be a part of. Throughout this personal leadership plan, I will include keys points of interest of a Life Coach objectives, values, and ethics I personally feel should be incorporated, as well as the role ethics play within the barter of Life Coaching. Coaches work in a renewal of specializations (such as personal/life and corporate/business) in order to help their clients. Coaches are specifically instruct in learn through a school or mentor coach, and use/incorporate their exclusive life experience in their practice. Although severally coach measures their progress differently, achievement is always measured by progress made by the coaches clients. Due to the personal nature of most coaching relationships, this Ethics regulation provides the framework and values upon which prof essional coaches, base their practice. The purposes of this Code are threefold. First, it provides the broad principles and values to which coaches subscribe.These include confidentiality and the lowest concern for the welfare and success of the client. Secondly, it provides rules for coaches to use in many of the specific situations that a coach qualification encounter. Finally, this Code is meant to serve as a varianting block for the honourable and moral standards of coaches. While each case-by-case coach agrees to follow this Code, they are encouraged to supplement and add to it in order to build a lifelong inscription to building an honorable workplace and profession. -Objectives- The chief(a) objective of my life coaching practice would be as follows 1. domiciliate a means for individual students and clients to evaluate their own honorable standards and behaviors and make adjustments if necessary to meet the established standards. 2. Provide a means for participants of the life coaching practice programs to evaluate the standards and practices used by their students and clients and to validate that participants are receiving professional and ethically sound trainingand development.3. Provide a means for the life coaching practice to evaluate the standards and behaviors of students and clients to ensure a high ethical standard is being met. 4. Provide a means to educate the overt and to promote the high ethical standards practiced by members of the life coaching practice. -Values- The profession of Life Coaching holds respect for the worth, dignity and potency of every human being as its primary value. Therefore, my life coaching practice shall not split against any ane on the basis of race, color, language, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, physical and mental ability, economic condition or study ancestry.Furthermore, they shall work towards preventing and eliminating such discrimination in rendering service, in work ass ignments and in employment practices. The profession of Life Coaching affirms that all people have the right to well-being. In addition, all people have the right to learn the skills necessary for the development of human relationships and that each person has the right to self-determination with receivable regard to the rights of others. -Purpose for Code of Ethics- To define accepted/acceptable behaviors To promote high standards of practice To provide a benchmark for visitors, members and students to use for self evaluation To establish a framework for professional behavior and responsibilities As a vehicle for personal identity As a mark of personal maturity-Responsibility of Confidentiality- The commitment to confidentiality fosters open communication and is essential to effective Life Coaching work. Concerns about privacy and confidential matters earth-closet arise throughout the entire professional relationship. -Responsibility to Self- In private life or professional activ ity, an individual of the Life Coaching practices behavior reflects upon the profession as a whole. -Responsibility to Group and Individuals- Life Coaches should recognize their primary professional responsibility under all circumstances is to thegroup and individuals they are serving. Life Coaches should recognize that they extend a considerable social responsibility because their recommendations and professional actions influence the lives of others.-Responsibility to the Profession- The Life Skills profession has a public responsibility to provide competent coaching services. Therefore, individual Life Coaches are encouraged to support and proceed ethical standards and behavior. -Responsibility to the Community- As Life Coaches are viewed as role models in the communities in which they live and serve, their justness and behavior reflect upon the profession as a whole.In closing, the profession of Life Coaching is one in which is rich with ethical and moral influence. It should be the Life Coaches primary concern and intent to try the utmost level of ethically, morally, and lawfully driven and derived advice and assistance to each and every client he/she workings with. It is important to remember, that all lives deserve and have the right to receive the same level of value and respect. It is excessively vital to remember everyone is an individual, and should be treated as such. Each client as well as the past and present situations they have/are experiencing are unique, therefore there is not just one way to coach all clients.

Reverse Sexual Harassment

Reverse Sexual Harass construct forcetFebruary 28, 2012AbstractIn what is perceived to still be a male-dominated society, one of the most ambiguous topics to broach is that of reverse experienceable badgering. Reverse inner bedevilment refers to the internal curse of a male by a female. While it is non perceived as the norm, there argon several instances of this occurring annu totallyy. It is generally supposed the actual number is greatly under describe due to the reputation of the offence.Both cozy and reverse internal badgering are systema skeletales of inequality. These acts of disagreement are against federal and produce legal philosophy. An individual who is the subject of reverse inner kick upment in the work can register a complaint with the Equal interlocking hazard Commission (EEOC). They can file the complaint under the cozy torture section of the claim VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 2004, 15% of all knowledgeable curse charges received by the EEOC were filed by men (Anderson and Trimings 20062).The rubric of reverse internal curse whitethorn be regarded as a facetious incident between a female superior or female co-worker against her male counter-part however this is still an act of discrimination which warrants inform of this incident to management. forrader filing a complaint or contacting a lawyer, make sure there is documented try compiled on the inappropriate actions of the individual. In the event that the sexual harassment complaint advances to the judicial process, this will maintain the chances of prevailing in court and with the EEOC.Introduction EmploymentLaw is the legal specialty that regulates the operation of the labor market, in general, and the employment human relationship between employers and employees in particular. Examples include the hiring process, suspension from work, maternity rights, layoff, wages and overtime pay, defamation, breach of employment contract, retaliation, lic ense of speech in the employment, military re-hires, unemployment compensation, and discrimination. Employment law is governed by numerous laws, regulations and ordinances at he Federal, evince and sometimes, the local ordinance level. In a Nut Shell, there are numerous Federal Laws which are generally tailored to protect societal interests such as the Anti-Discrimination provisions embodied in Title VII. Generally speaking, Title VII protects employees from discrimination based on sex, gender, race, ethnic background, religion and retaliation. In the ground of Employment Law, sexual discrimination is one of the most prevalent topics in todays society.thither are various types of sexual discrimination. When the lay person is asked which type of sexual discrimination is documented the most in the business world, to coin a phrase from the game show Family Feud Survey says, that discrimination towards women in business is the number one answer. To further divvy down to a specific d iscrimination, would be that of male-on-female sexual harassment in the piece of work. This specific discrimination is one of the most widely known and reported cases in a place of business.Albeit, this type of discrimination continues to be a difficult case to prove within what many would consider still a male-dominated business world. However, this exposition of sex discrimination in the workplace will prove that the most challenging discrimination case to prove is that of woman-on-male sexual harassment. Methodology A qualitative evaluation shall be utilized for this research paper leveraging subjective methods such as actual case studies and various scholarly observations to collect substantive and relevant data.The review consists of actual cases filed with the EEOC involving female-on-male sexual harassment cases and multiple interpretations of male sexual harassment cases from legal professionals, business professionals, and academic scholars. Such a qualitative approach is valuable here due to the uncommonness of this type of sex discrimination within contemporaneous professional situations. Upon collecting the qualitative data derived from said case studies and various scholarly observations, careful synopsis shall be done to prepare a valid insight into reverse sexual discrimination rulings and the reporting of these cases at the workplace.Recent research on current workplace cultural and the rise of women in pecking order positions within companies has yielded validity in the seam of female-on-male sexual harassment in the office. Yet, there are seldom, if any, cases reported to the EEOC by men for sexual harassment. The argument of a cultural base depicting the male intention as that of a dominant one which, leads many to see that any approach by a woman towards her male co-worker or male subordinate, may be warranted by her male counter-part.Conversely, the brass act of Title VII enforces the rights of men, the same as women, in reporting any wrong-doing within the office. The methodological analysis of this paper will help to substantiate the legitimacy of male sexual harassment in the workplace by a female superior or female co-worker and how employers should mechanism preventive strategies to slander risks of sexual harassment in the workplace as well as avoiding costly and timely litigation. there are several different kinds of sexual harassment which will also be conversed within this paper.The methodology is derived from intellectual journals, book excerpts, articles, and on-line resources. Review of the Literature When an offer for employment is made by an employer to an employee, the law governing the relationship between an employee and an employer begins. In terms of employee complaints against other employees and/or management, the employer should implement a form of risk management. This risk management process will adhere to rules and policies set in place by the employer to manage complaints such a s sexual harassment.However, the reality for most companies is how much respect is given to reports of woman-on-male sexual harassment by a co-worker or superior. Eve Tahmincioglu (2007) expresses the reality of how male sexual harassment in the workplace may be overlooked in the article, Male Sexual Harassment is not a joke. The author indicates, But for quite a few men, sexual harassment is indeed suitable a serious issue, and some men are deciding not to just brush away the unwelcome advances from women. (2007). Tahmincioglu interviewed a human resources expert, Roberta Chinsky Matuson, who disclosed insight from the human resources perspective, Many people mistakenly believe that harassment is limited to females, Roberta Chinsky Matuson added, The truth is that this type of experience is just as damaging to men (Tahmincioglu, 2007). David Grinberg, a spokesman for the EEOC, states sexual harassment filings by men apply consistently increased, doubling over 15 geezerhood (Ta hmincioglu, 2007).The vast majority of the EEOCs sexual harassment suits are filed by women however, male filings are graceful a bigger piece of the pie, with nearly 2000 filing charges last year (2006), as reported by Tahmincioglu (2007). Unfortunately, the cases which reach the EEOC do not represent the actual number of male sexual harassment filings which may go unreported due to fear of being mocked by coworkers (2007). In some cases, men running(a) in a majority female office may be subject to unprovoked jokes pertaining to men or the male sexual anatomy around the break room, water cooler, or via forwarded emails.This is considered male sexual harassment. Fear of retaliation and mocking may prompt men to not file a complaint. An argument of retaliation is discussed by Tahmincioglu (2007) as the first ever court case involving sexual harassment of a man in the workplace was in 1995. The EEOC sued Domino Pizza after a female supervisory programy program of a male store manage r sexually harassed him and then blast him. She would caress his shoulders and neck, and pinched his buttocks, the EEOC said in a statement.The case went to trial in Tampa and the male manager was awarded $237,000 in remediation (2007). In this groundbreaking case, the male employee was retaliated against by his superior however, he pursued his case and eventually won in the court ruling against Domino Pizza and the store manager. In comparison, the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission discloses information about a case where two male employees were subject to racial and sexual harassment by their female manager and one employee was fired out of retaliation.In the EEOC lawsuit against capital of Texas Foam Plastics, the company was charged with violating Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by subjecting two African-American male employees to a sexually and racially hostile working environment and for the firing of one employee as a result of opposing and reporting the incidents. The male employees were harassed vehemently by their female manager through discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, insults, racially offensive comments and jokes, cartoons and images which denigrated African-Americans.The EEOC also charged that a female manager sexually harassed male employees by subjecting them to unwelcome sexual comments and unsolicited personal contact of a sexual nature and that she conditioned more than favorable terms of employment on acquiescence to her sexual advances and overtures. The acts of sexual harassment, racial harassment, and retaliation all violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The lawsuit was settled in 2010 and Austin Foam Plastics pays out $600,000 in damages. The preceding case signifies the reason why employers should implement preventive strategies to minimize risks of costly litigation.If the company adheres to strict policies regarding the development and auditing of its management team, some complaints may be avoided. In the article Sexual Harassment in the Workplace scripted by Karina L. Schrengohst, Esq. , the author indicates that the supervisor has a significant role in prevention. Schrengohst employs information from Massachusetts state statutes regarding sexual harassment in the workplace Massachusetts law and federal law prohibit sexual harassment in the workplace.Employers have an obligation to take reasonable move to prevent sexual harassment before it arises and to create a harassment-free workplace. Toward this end, supervisors play an important role in identifying, preventing, and reporting sexual harassment. And in Massachusetts, supervisors have even more incentive to be vigilant because they can be held individually liable for inaction when they have knowledge of sexual harassment but fail to act (2011).There are two types of sexual harassment (1) quid-pro-quo harassment, and (2) hostile-work-environment harassment which are detailed by Schrengohst Quid-pro-quo harassm ent occurs when an employees submission to or rejection of sexual advances, requests, or conduct impacts a condition of his or her employment such as receiving or being denied a raise, a promotion or demotion, continued employment or termination, or a change of duties, hours, or compensation.Hostile-work-environment harassment occurs when unwelcome sexual advances, requests, or conduct are severe and pervasive enough to transform an employees working conditions or to interfere with work performance (2011). The author discusses the necessity of preventative steps in the workplace to avoid such sexual harassment cases.Although most employers have written policies regarding sexual harassment in the workplace, enforcement and dissemination of these policies remains another area of discussion. Schrengohst also details the sexual harassment policies as listed by the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination A statement that sexual harassment in the workplace is unlawfulA definition and examples of sexual harassment A reporting procedure, with several individuals determine as authorized to receive complaintsA statement of potential consequences for employees who are found to have affiliated sexual harassmentA statement that it is unlawful to retaliate against an employee who has complained about sexual harassment, filed a lawsuit, or participated in an investigationInformation about state and federal employment-discrimination enforcement agencies.This policy should be presented to all rude(a) employees at the start of employment and posted in the workplace. The policies for sexual harassment are clearly written however, a strict policy of training employees and management on the rigors of sexual harassment in the workplace must be employed. Discussion Employment law is a complex, ever-evolving specialty in the practice of law. Employees are well advised to seek competent professional legal advice when an employment law issue arises. Employment Law has many strict deadlines as it pertains to filing of claims, as such, it is imperative for employees to assert their rights as shortly as possible.Oftentimes, it is advisable to seek legal representation before the adverse employment action occurs, such as, while the employee is still employed with the employer. Discrimination is one of the most prominent complaints handled by the EEOC. Each State, as a sovereign entity, is entitled to give additional protections for discrimination than those afforded by Federal Regulations. Sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination, which includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.The federal and state level jurisdictions instituted anti-retaliation provisions which prevent an employer from retaliating against an employee for filing a sexual discrimination case. In quoting the definition of Sexual Harassment as listed on the EEOC website It is unlawful to harass a person (an applicant or employee) because of that persons sex. Harassment can include sexual harassment or unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature. Harassment does not have to be of a sexual ature, however, and can include offensive remarks about a persons sex. For example, it is illegal to harass a woman by making offensive comments about women in general. Both victim and the harasser can be either a woman or a man, and the victim and harasser can be the same sex. Although the law doesnt prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents that are not very serious, harassment is illegal when it is so frequent or severe that it creates a hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in an adverse employment decision (such as the victim being fired or demoted).The harasser can be the victims supervisor, a supervisor in another area, a co-worker, or someone who is not an employee of the employe r, such as a client or customer. Conclusion Because many unusual laws exist and there are many requirements exclusions, it is imperative that an employee who believes they have been wronged, or an employer seeking to comply with all employment laws, to seek the advice of competent counsel. In addition to the governmentally enacted laws, the employment relationship may be governed by written contracts (so long as the clauses do not violate inalienable rights).The employer and employee both piece of ground rights when a sexual harassment case is filed. If well-documented and filed in a timely manner, each sexual harassment case must be taken seriously.ReferencesBARRON, L. G. (2009). SEXUAL ORIENTATION EMPLOYMENT ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LEGISLATION AND HIRING DISCRIMINATION AND PREJUDICE. academy Of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1-6. doi10. 5465/AMBPP. 2009. 44243452 Leighton, P. , Wynn, M. (2011). Classifying Employment RelationshipsMore Sliding Doors or a fall apart Regula tory Framework?.Industrial Law Journal, 40(1), 5-44. MSNBC. msn. com, by Eve Tahmincioglu, http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/19536167/ns/business-careers/t/male-sexual-harassment-not-joke/. T0z7OPWyFEM www. eeoc. gov, http//www. eeoc. gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/10-15-10a. cfm Posthuma, R. A. , Roehling, M. V. , Campion, M. A. (2011). Employment discrimination law exposures for international employers. International Journal Of Law Management, 53(4), 281-298. doi10. 1108/17542431111147792